Pseudo-ring
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In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a pseudo-ring is one of the following variants of a ring:
- A rng, i.e., a structure satisfying all the axioms of a ring except for the existence of a multiplicative identity.[1]
- A set R with two binary operations + and · such that (R,+) is an abelian group with identity 0, and
and 
for all a, b, c in R.[2] - An abelian group (A,+) equipped with a subgroup B and a multiplication B × A → A making B a ring and A a B-module.[3]
No two of these definitions are equivalent, so it is best to avoid the term "pseudo-ring" or to clarify which meaning is intended.
References
- ↑ Bourbaki, N. (1998). Algebra I, Chapters 1-3. Springer. p. 98.
- ↑ Natarajan, N. S. (1964). "Rings with generalised distributive laws". J. Indian. Math. Soc. (N. S.) 28: 1–6.
- ↑ Patterson, Edward M. (1965). "The Jacobson radical of a pseudo-ring". Math. Z. 89: 348–364.
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