Prostitution in Nevada

Legality of brothel prostitution in Nevada by county   Prostitution permitted, at least one active brothel   Prostitution theoretically permitted, no active brothels   Prostitution not permitted.

The state of Nevada is the only jurisdiction in the United States where prostitution is permitted. Strictly regulated brothels operate in isolated rural areas, away from the majority of Nevada's population. Prostitution is illegal in the following counties: Clark (which contains Las Vegas), Washoe (which contains Reno), Douglas, and Lincoln. Prostitution is also illegal in Nevada's capital, Carson City, an independent city. The rest of Nevada's counties are permitted by state law to license brothels, but only 8 counties have done so. As of August 2013, there are 19 brothels in Nevada.^[1]

History

Shady Lady Ranch in Nye County, Nevada

Brothels have been allowed in Nevada since the middle of the 19th century. One brothel in Elko has been in business since 1902. In 1937, a law was enacted to require weekly health checks of all prostitutes. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an order to suppress prostitution near military bases—affecting the red-light districts of Reno and Las Vegas. When this order was lifted in 1948, Reno officials tried to shut down a brothel as a public nuisance; this action was upheld by the Nevada Supreme Court in 1949. In 1951, both Reno and Las Vegas had closed their red light districts as public nuisances, but brothels continued to exist throughout the state.^[2]

In 1971, Joe Conforte, owner of the brothel called Mustang Ranch near Reno, managed to convince county officials to pass an ordinance which would provide for the licensing of brothels and prostitutes, thus avoiding the threat of being closed down as a public nuisance.^[3]

Officials in Las Vegas, afraid that Conforte would use the same technique to open a brothel nearby, convinced the legislature in 1971 to pass a law prohibiting the legalization of prostitution in counties with a population above a certain threshold, tailored to apply only to Clark County.^[4]

In 1977, county officials in Nye County tried to shut down Walter Plankinton's Chicken Ranch as a public nuisance; brothels did not have to be licensed in that county at the time, and several others were operating. Plankinton filed suit, claiming that the 1971 state law had implicitly removed the assumption that brothels are public nuisances per se. The Nevada Supreme Court agreed with this interpretation in 1978,^[5] and so the Chicken Ranch was allowed to operate. In another case, brothel owners in Lincoln County protested when the county outlawed prostitution in 1978, having issued licenses for seven years. The Nevada Supreme Court ruled that the county had the right to do so.^[6]

A state law prohibiting the advertising of brothels in counties which have outlawed prostitution was enacted in 1979. It was promptly challenged on First Amendment grounds and the Nevada Supreme Court declared it to be constitutional in 1981.^[7] (Princess Sea Industries, one of the parties involved in the case, was Plankinton's company that owned the Chicken Ranch.) In July 2007 the law was overturned by a U.S. District judge as "overly broad" and advertising in Las Vegas started soon after.^[8][9] The district judge's decision was reversed by a 3-judge panel of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in March 2010.^[10] The ACLU has appealed to the full Ninth Circuit Court.^[11]

While brothels and prostitutes are subject to federal income tax and also pay local fees, there is no state income tax in Nevada and brothels are exempt from the state entertainment tax and do not pay any other state taxes. In 2005 brothel owners lobbied to be taxed in order to increase the legitimacy of the business, but the legislature declined.^[12] Brothels pay taxes to their respective counties. Lyon County receives approximately $400,000 to $500,000 per year from these taxes.^[13]

In November 2005, Heidi Fleiss said that she would partner with brothel owner Joe Richards to turn Richards' existing Cherry Patch Ranch brothel in Crystal, Nye County, Nevada into an establishment that would employ male prostitutes and cater exclusively to female customers, a first in Nevada. In 2009 however, she said that she had abandoned her plans to open such a brothel.^[14]

On December 11, 2009, the Nevada State Board of Health unanimously agreed to add urethral examinations to the guidelines, thus allowing male sex workers to be tested for sexually transmitted diseases.^[15]

Legal situation

Chicken Ranch, June 2007

Under Nevada state law, any county with a population under 700,000, as of the last decennial census,^[16] is allowed to license brothels if it so chooses.^[4] Incorporated towns and cities in counties that allow prostitution may regulate the trade further or prohibit it altogether.

Currently eight out of Nevada's 16 counties have active brothels (these are all rural counties). As of August 2013 there are 19 legal brothels.^[17]

Prostitution is illegal under state law in Clark County (which contains Las Vegas), and under county or municipal law in Washoe County (which contains Reno), Carson City (an independent city), Douglas County, and Lincoln County. The other 12 Nevada counties permit licensed brothels in certain specified areas or cities,^[2] with the exception of Eureka County, which has no law on the books either permitting or prohibiting licensed brothels.^[18] All 12 of these rural counties have had at least one legal brothel in operation subsequent to 1971, but many of these brothels were financially unsuccessful or ran afoul of State health regulations. As of 2012, only eight of these counties have active brothels, while the other four (Churchill County, Esmeralda County, Eureka County, and Pershing County) no longer do.

The precise licensing requirements vary by county. License fees for brothels range from an annual $100,000 in Storey County to an annual $200 in Lander County. Licensed prostitutes must be at least 21 years old, except in Storey County and Lyon County (where the minimum age is 18).

Shady Lady Ranch brothel sign.

The brothels and their employees must register with the county sheriff and receive regular medical checkups. Brothels have existed in Nevada since the old mining days of the 1800s and were first licensed in 1971. The legendary Mustang Ranch operated from 1971 through 1999, when it was forfeited to the federal government following a series of convictions for tax fraud, racketeering, and other crimes.

Nevada law requires that registered brothel prostitutes be tested weekly (by a cervical specimen) for gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis, and monthly for HIV and syphilis;^[19] furthermore, condoms are mandatory for all oral sex and sexual intercourse. Brothel owners may be held liable if customers become infected with HIV after a prostitute has tested positive for the virus.^[20] Women work a legally mandated minimum of nine days for each work period.^[21]

Nevada has laws against engaging in prostitution outside of licensed brothels, against encouraging others to become prostitutes, and against living off the proceeds of a prostitute.

Nevada brothels are restricted from advertising their services in counties where brothel prostitution is illegal, despite the fact that this state law was ruled unconstitutional in 2007. U.S. District Judge James Mahan voided the state ban on advertising by legal brothels on grounds the state did not offer any compelling interest in support of the policy, but the U.S Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the state law in March 2010. FN#13.^[8] This law is presently under appeal by the ACLU. FN#14

In June 2009, then-Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons signed the most stringent punishments nationwide for child prostitution and pandering. The Assembly Bill 380, which allows for fines of $500,000 for those convicted of trafficking prostitutes younger than 14 and $100,000 for trafficking prostitutes ages 14 to 17. Both the House and the Senate unanimously approved the bill, that went into effect October 1, 2009.^[22]

Legal brothels

The Moonlite Bunny Ranch in Mound House near Carson City.

Nineteen legal brothels exist in the state as of August 2013, employing about 200 females at any given time.^[17] In some locales, there exist multi-unit complexes of several separate brothels run by the same owner. Examples of this include "The Line" in Winnemucca, Wild Horse Adult Resort & Spa in Storey County, and the Mustang Ranch.

All but the smallest brothels operate as follows: as the customer is buzzed in and sits down in the parlor, the available women appear in a line-up and introduce themselves. If the customer chooses a woman, the price negotiations take place in the woman's room, which are often overheard by management. The house normally gets half of the negotiated amount. If the customer arrives by cab, the driver will receive some 30% of whatever the customer spends; this is subtracted from the woman's earnings. Typical prices start at US$200 for 15 minutes. Some may charge up to $10,000 an hour for "parties" with well known or novelty women, or more for parties with multiple women. The prostitutes almost never kiss on the mouth.^[2]

Brothels do not have preset prices, the only known exception being the Shady Lady Ranch on Route 95, approximately 30 miles north of Beatty. Generally, the closer a brothel is to Las Vegas, the higher the prices. Thus Sheri's Ranch and Chicken Ranch, both located in Pahrump, are on the whole more expensive than other brothels. Sheri's Ranch^[23] is the larger of the two, and may have upwards of 20 prostitutes on its premises at any given time. It is also the more high end of the two, and generally the most expensive legal brothel in Nevada.^{[citation needed]}

Sheri's Ranch in Pahrump

Brothel prostitutes work as independent contractors and thus do not receive any unemployment, retirement or health benefits. They are responsible for paying Federal income tax and their earnings are reported to the IRS via form 1099-MISC. Nevada does not have a state income tax. The women typically work for a period of several weeks, during which time they live in the brothel and hardly ever leave it. They then take some time off.

Mandatory HIV testing began in 1986 and a mandatory condom law was passed in 1988. A study conducted in 1995 in two brothels found that condom use in the brothels was consistent and sexually transmitted diseases were accordingly absent. The study also found that few of the prostitutes used condoms in their private lives.^[24]

Illegal prostitution

Typical newspaper boxes commonly filled with free flyers solely advertising 'escorts' on Las Vegas Boulevard. Despite the presence of these flyers, prostitution is illegal in the Las Vegas Valley

Prostitution outside licensed brothels is a misdemeanor in Nevada. The big casino towns of Las Vegas and Reno have worked to expand their tourism base by attracting families to the hotels and casinos. Accordingly, the state legislature has made prostitution illegal in Clark County, and law enforcement agencies have tried to eliminate the once rampant street prostitution. Nevertheless, prostitutes continue to work in casinos, where they wait in bars and attempt to make contact with potential clients.

Escort services offering sexual services euphemistically as 'entertainment' or 'companionship' are ubiquitous, with about 140 pages of the Las Vegas yellow pages devoted to "entertainers". Similar ads are present in newspaper boxes all along Las Vegas Boulevard. From the Strip to downtown Fremont Street at most bus stops and many street lights, a large collection of free flyers offering escort services with semi-nude pictures are available. Moreover, smaller hand sized flyers are dispensed to tourists and others along the Las Vegas Strip, often right in front of the most luxurious hotels and casinos, by freelance workers. These flyers also graphically depict female 'personal' entertainers or escort services. Despite the attempt to make Las Vegas more family-friendly, such advertising for these services goes on undisturbed by police or hotel security.^[25]

In 2009 Las Vegas was identified by the FBI as one of 14 cities in the U.S. with high rates of child prostitution.^[26] Las Vegas police claimed that "roughly 400 children are picked off the streets from prostitution each year."^[27]

The U.S. Justice Department has also named Las Vegas among the 17 most likely destinations for human trafficking.^[28]

Criticism

The brothels in Nevada's rural counties have been criticized by journalists, sex worker activists, feminists, social and religious conservatives and politicians.

Columnist Bob Herbert wrote "A grotesque exercise in the dehumanization of women is carried out routinely at Sheri's Ranch, a legal brothel about an hour’s ride outside of Vegas. There the women have to respond like Pavlov’s dog to an electronic bell that might ring at any hour of the day or night. At the sound of the bell, the prostitutes have five minutes to get to an assembly area where they line up, virtually naked, and submit to a humiliating inspection by any prospective customer who has happened to drop by".^[29]

The working conditions from these brothels have also been criticized by many. During the 1970s and early 1980s, several towns had enacted rules prohibiting local brothel prostitutes from frequenting local bars or casinos or associating with local men outside of work. After a lawsuit was filed in 1984, these regulations had to be abandoned, but as a result of collaboration between sheriffs and brothel owners, they remain in effect unofficially. For instance, most brothels do not allow the prostitutes to leave the premises during their work shifts of several days to several weeks.^[2]

In 2009, an article in the Guardian, stated that some brothels "impose some extraordinary restrictions on commercial sex workers" in order to "separate sex workers from the local community": some places forbid prostitutes to leave the brothels for extended periods of time, while other jurisdictions require the prostitutes to leave the county when they are not working; some places do not allow the children of the women who work in the brothels to live in the same area; some brothel workers who have cars must register the vehicle with the local police, and workers are not permitted to leave the brothel after 5pm; in some counties registered sex workers are not allowed to have cars at all.^[30]

The Nevada brothel system has also been criticized by activists in the sex worker rights movement, who are otherwise supporters of full decriminalization of prostitution.^[31][32] Organizations and individuals supporting the rights of prostitutes typically favor deregulation and oppose Nevada-style regulation, mainly for three reasons:^[33]

• the licensing requirements create a permanent record which can lead to discrimination later on;
• the large power difference between brothel owner and prostitute gives prostitutes very little influence over their working conditions;
• while prostitutes undergo legal and health background checks, their customers do not; the regulations are thus designed to protect customers, not prostitutes.

Teri, a prostitute who has worked in a Nevada brothel (and who would like prostitution to be decriminalized), stated that "The brothel owners are worse than any pimp. They abuse and imprison women and are fully protected by the state".^[34]

Another former prostitute who worked in four Nevada brothels attacked the system, saying, "Under this system, prostitutes give up too much autonomy, control and choice over their work and lives" and "While the brothel owners love this profitable solution, it can be exploitative and is unnecessary". She described how the women were subject to various exaggerated restrictions, including making it very difficult for them to refuse clients, not being allowed to read books while waiting for customers, and having to deal with doctors who had a "patronizing or sexist attitude" (the brothels discouraged and in many cases forbade prostitutes to see doctors of their own choosing).^[35]

In an article published in the Guardian in 2007, Julie Bindel wrote: "If you believe their PR, Nevada's legal brothels are safe, healthy – even fun – places in which to work. So why do so many prostitutes tell such horrific tales of abuse?"^[36]

In her 2007 report, Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: making the connections, Melissa Farley presents the results of numerous interviews with brothel owners and prostitutes, she says that most brothel prostitutes are controlled by outside pimps and that they suffer widespread abuse by brothel owners and customers.^[37][38] Farley said that "What happens in legal brothels is sexual harassment, sexual exploitation and sometimes rape";^[39] she also said more than 80% of the women she had interviewed told her they wanted to leave prostitution.^[40]

Alexa Albert, a Harvard medical student who has conducted a public-health study inside one of Nevada's brothels, and authored Brothel: Mustang Ranch and Its Women,^[41] wrote in her book that the brothel owners used to require the prostitutes to have outside pimps, because the pimps were thought to make the women work harder: "The involvement of pimps enabled brothel owners to leave discipline to men who wouldn't hesitate to keep their women in line."^[42]

Bob Herbert also stated that many brothel prostitutes are controlled by outside pimps: "Despite the fiction that they are “independent contractors,” most so-called legal prostitutes have pimps — the state-sanctioned pimps who run the brothels and, in many cases, a second pimp who controls all other aspects of their lives (and takes the bulk of their legal earnings)."^[43]

In 1998, some pimps from Oregon managed to place at least four underage girls in Nevada's legal brothels; they were arrested and convicted.^[44][45]

Detective Greg Harvey, from Eugene, Oregon, said such cases were in reality very common; he said, "It's happening right now, it's amazing how many girls are shipped from here to different brothels in northern and southern Nevada. Many are underage." Another detective, Sgt. Pete Kerns, supported Harvey's claims: "Never buy the line that nobody under 18 works in (Nevada brothels)," he said. "It's happening."^[45]

Former Nye County Commissioner Candice Trummell, director of the Nevada Coalition Against Sex Trafficking, said "It is way past time for Nevada to be the last state in the United States of America to finally stand against all forms of slavery."^[46]

Assemblyman Bob L. Beers said that "A brothel owner is somebody who, when it gets down to the very essence, is nothing more than a slave-owner."^[39]

Some brothel owners have been involved in criminal activities: in March 2009, a Nye County brothel owner pleaded guilty to fraud charges for paying bribes to a former Nye County Commissioner;^[47] in 2008, a former brothel owner was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison on two child pornography charges;^[48] in 1991 Joe Conforte fled to Brazil in order to avoid a conviction on tax fraud charges.

Politics

Donna's Ranch brothel in Wells.

Occasionally, lawmakers attempt to introduce legislation outlawing all prostitution in Nevada. These efforts are typically supported by owners of casinos and other large businesses, claiming that legalized prostitution harms the state's image. The Nevada Brothel Owners' Association, led by George Flint, a retired Assemblies of God minister from Reno, lobbies against these laws.^[49][50] Rural lawmakers normally oppose these laws as well, despite the fact that legal brothel prostitution does not provide a significant amount of income for counties.

One particularly colorful opponent of legalized prostitution in Nevada was John Reese. Initially arguing on moral and religious grounds, he switched to health hazard tactics, but had to back down in the face of a threatened libel suit. In 1994, he tried to get a license for a gay brothel in a thinly veiled attempt to galvanize opposition against all brothels. Then in 1999 he staged his own kidnapping near the Mustang Ranch.^[51] His efforts to collect enough signatures to repeal the prostitution laws have so far failed.

Nevada politicians can (and generally do) play both sides of the prostitution dispute by declaring that they are personally opposed to prostitution but feel it should be up to the counties to decide. As almost three-quarters of the population of Nevada lives in a single county (Clark County, where prostitution is illegal), county control over local matters is a hot-button issue. Legislators from the northern counties will often reflexively oppose what is seen as "meddling" from the majority in the south, and the legislators from the south have been too divided on the issue to push through a state-wide ban.

Since 2003, Las Vegas mayor Oscar Goodman has repeatedly stated that he favors legalization of prostitution in the city, perhaps turning East Fremont Street into a little Amsterdam. Goodman said there are pragmatic reasons to back legalized prostitution. Those include the acknowledgement that illegal prostitution is occurring and that brothels could provide safer, regulated and revenue-generating sex, he said.^[52][53]

The brothel owners' organization, supported by Democratic State Senator Bob Coffin, has been pushing for taxation of the brothels, to increase the industry's legitimacy. The proposal, which would have instituted a $5 tax per act of prostitution, with the proceeds partly being used for a sex worker counseling agency,^[54] was voted down in the Taxation Committee in April 2009.^[55]

In February 2011, U.S. Senator Harry Reid suggested that brothels be made illegal in Nevada.^[56][57]

Public opinion

The opinions of Nevada residents vary, but the majority appears to support the status quo of prostitution: they support laws allowing licensed brothels in the rural areas but oppose the legalisation of prostitution in Las Vegas. A poll conducted in Nevada in 2002^[58] found that 52% of the 600 respondents favored the existing legal and regulated brothels, while 31% were against laws that allow prostitution and the remainder were undecided, preferred fewer legal constraints on prostitution, or did not offer an opinion. The trend seems to be that new arrivals to Nevada tend to oppose legal prostitution while long-time Nevadans tend to support it. However, nearly 60% of Nevada residents oppose the legalization of brothels and prostitution in Las Vegas (59% oppose this idea, 35% support it and 6% don't know or didn't answer). Again, support is stronger in the rural areas (where most people were born in Nevada) and weaker in Clark County and Washoe County; women are more opposed to the idea than men.^[59]

In 2004, after the closure of the last brothel in Churchill County, a county ballot initiative to permanently ban prostitution in that county was defeated by a 2–1 vote.^[60]

A July 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 56% of Nevada voters thought that prostitution should be legal, while only 32% thought it should be illegal and 12% were not sure.^[61]

A June 2012 Public Policy Polling survey found that 64% of Nevada voters thought that brothels should be legal in the state, while only 23% thought they should be illegal, and 13% were not sure.^[62]

Museum

Crystal, Nye County, Nevada has a brothel art museum associated with two local brothels.^[63]

See also

• List of brothels in Nevada

Notes

References

• Goldman, David (2012). You Can’t Get Rid of It So You Might As Well Tax It: The Economic Impact of Nevada’s Legalized Prostitution (Report). Seton Hall University. http://erepository.law.shu.edu/student_scholarship/13/. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
• Reynolds, Helen (1986). The Economics of Prostitution. CC Johnson. ISBN 9780398051617. 
• Sehlinger, Bob (2007). The Unofficial Guide to Las Vegas 2007. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-79033-8. 

Further reading

• Alexa E. Albert, David Lee Warner, and Robert A. Hatcher: "Facilitating Condom Use with Clients during Commercial Sex in Nevada's Legal Brothels", American Journal of Public Health, 88(4), 1998, pages 643–646, online abstract
• Brents, Barbara G. and Kathryn Hausbeck, "Violence and Legalized Brothel Prostitution in Nevada: Examining Safety, Risk and Prostitution Policy", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(3): 270–295, 2005
• Brents, Barbara G. Crystal Jackson and Kathryn Hausbeck, The State of Sex: Tourism, Sex and Sin in the New American Heartland. NY: Routledge Press, 2010.
• Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale and Jacqueline Lewis, "Escort Services In A Border Town", Literature and Policy Summary Windsor: University of Windsor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 1999. Study containing a section on prostitution in Nevada.
• McAndrews, Marc (2011). Nevada Rose: Inside the American Brothel. Umbrage. ISBN 9781884167157. 
• Farley, Melissa. Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: making the connections. San Francisco: Prostitution Research and Education, 2007. ISBN 0-615-16205-3
• Hausbeck, Kathryn and Barbara G. Brents, "Nevada's Legal Brothels", pp. 255–281 in Ronald Weitzer, ed., Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry. (2nd Edition) NY: Routledge, 2010.
• Shaner, Lora, Madam: Inside a Nevada Brothel, Bloomington, Ind.: 1stBooks, 2001.
• Vogliotti, Gabriel R., The Girls of Nevada, Secaucus, NJ: The Citadel Press, 1975.

External links

Media related to Brothels in Nevada at Wikimedia Commons

• NVBrothels.net (Archived version on the Internet Archive, December 23, 2003) – Directory and some historic information on legal Nevada brothels.
• Nevada Coalition Against Sex Trafficking
• "Former Prostitutes Wage War Against Prostitution" by Edward Lawrence,