Procopio Cutò

Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli
Born	(1651-02-09)February 9, 1651 Palermo or Aci Trezza, Italy
Died	February 10, 1727(1727-02-10) (aged 76) Paris, France
Nationality	French
Other names	Procopio Cutò
Occupation	French entrepreneur
Known for	Pioneer in the Italian gelato business Opened the first literary coffeehouse, Café Procope

Procopio Cutò, or Francesco Procopio Cutò or Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli (9 February 1651 - 10 February 1727) was an Italian chef from Sicily.^[1] Billing himself as a modern Procopius, he founded in 1686 what has become the oldest extant cafe in Paris, Café Procope.^[2] It became the first literary coffeehouse in Paris. For over 200 years the cafe-restaurant attracted notables in the world of arts, politics, and literature.^[3]

Biography

Some sources say Procopio was born near Mount Etna in Sicily around the town of Aci Trezza.^[1][4][5] Other sources say he could have been born at or near Palermo, Sicily.^[6] A certificate of baptism of 10 February 1651 was found in the archives of the parish church of Sant'Ippolito in Palermo.^[6] This is one day after the birth of Procopio. The document shows his first name as Francesco and his surname as Cutò, not couteaux which means knives in French. Cutò is a typical Sicilian surname. A third possibility is that he was born near Palermo and lived in Aci Trezza for a period of time.^[6]

Procopio received his name of dei Coltelli from the French, who misunderstood his Sicilian family name of Cutò, which is a homophone of couteaux, "knives" in French. Coltelli means "knives" in Italian. Hence, translating back into Italian gives Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli (Francesco Procopio of knives), the other name he is known by.^[1] "Francesco Procopio", the names he is often referred to as, is being used as two first names. Procopio is not his surname. Francesco was his grandfather's name.

Procopio married Marguerite Crouin in 1675 in the church of Saint Sulpice. The marriage record shows the witnesses as his parents, Onofrio Cutò and Sunday Semarqua. "Onofrio" is his father and "Sunday" is his mother. Procopio and Marguerite had eight children during their long marriage before Procopio became a widower.^[6]

Early life

Procopio played in the snow when he was a boy. The snow was mixed with fruit juices and honey to make a type of sorbet. This type of "ice cream" was eaten by both rich aristocrats and by peasants.^[1] This is where Procopio got the idea of developing gelato. The history of gelato shows Procopio as a most influential person in promoting this new food.^[7][8]

Procopio worked first as a fisherman like his father Onofrio. His grandfather Francesco, becoming part of Procopio's name, was also a fisherman from Aci Trezza who built gelatiere machines (ice cream makers) part-time, when he was not fishing. Francesco eventually left his invention to Procopio as an inheritance. Procopio tinkered with his grandfather's "ice cream" machine making various improvements. Procopio eventually felt that he had developed a machine that would produce gelato on a large scale and decided to promote the new product. He left Sicily and went to France by way of Italy.^[9]

Mid life

Procopio acquired the skills to become a cook, possibly in Florence or Palermo on his trek to France.^[10] Procopio eventually arrived in Paris around 1670 to 1674.^[10] There he joined the guild of the distillateurs-limonadiers (English: distiller - soft drinks manufacturers) and apprenticed under the leadership of Armenian immigrant Pascal who had a kiosk (la loge de la limonade, English: lemonade stand) on rue de Tournon selling refreshments, including lemonade and coffee.^[11][12] Pascal's attempt at such a business in Paris was not successful and he went to London in 1675, leaving the stall to Procopio^[12][13] who took it over, and later moved to rue des Fossés Saint Germain.^[12][13][14]

Prior to Procopio arriving in France there had been other cafés/coffee houses there, although they were not called cafés at the time.^[13] Some were referred to as lemonade stands, meaning they sold various cold drinks including lemonade. There had been a café/coffee house in Marseille in 1644 before Pascal and Procope that soon became defunct,^[13] and a Levantine had opened a coffee house in Paris in 1643, which had also failed:^[13]

En 1643 déjà un Levantin en avait bien ouvert un à Paris,... mais cela n’avait pas réussi.
English: In 1643 already, a ‘Levantine’ opened one (coffee house) in Paris, but that did not succeed.

—F. Fosca^[15]

It seems, however, that the Armenian immigrant Pascal was the first to call his boutique a "café" or coffee house where one drinks coffee.^[13]

Procopio opened his extant café in 1686, and it was named Le Procope, from the French version of his name.^[1] It was referred to as an "antre" (cavern or cave) because it was so dark inside, even when there was bright sunshine outside.^[10] Procopio purchased a bath house and had its unique fixtures removed and installed in his new café (i.e. crystal chandeliers, wall mirrors, marble tables), items now standard in modern European cafés.^[16][17]

Procopio had learned in about 1680 how to make a beverage of ice made of lemonade using salt to lower its temperature and keep cooler longer.^[18] Procopio had a special royal license from King Louis XIV to sell a melange of refreshments including spices, iced drinks including "frozen waters", barley water, anice flower, orange flower, cinnamon flower, frangipan, and his improved version of the Italian "ice cream" of fruit based gelatos like lemon and orange.^[19][20] This gave him exclusive rights to these unique sweet and cool products from his kiosk booth at Foire Saint Germain.^[20][21] He soon added coffee to his refreshments' list and the kiosk became a coffeehouse cafe.^[10] Procopio introduced the Italian "ice cream" gelato at his cafe and is one of the first to sell this new European product directly to the public.^[22][23] Prior to then it was reserved for royalty only.^[24] Procopio's café served it in small porcelain bowls that resembled egg cups.^[25] He is sometimes referred to as "The Father of Italian gelato".^[26]

Procopio opened his café about the same time that the Comédie-Française opened its doors.^[4] Conveniently, the theater was located across the street from his café.^[4] Procopio's café is considered the first true modern coffee house. The brasserie that Procopio started with serving drinks and food is the oldest Parisian restaurant.^[27][28][29]

It is the oldest cafe in Paris that is still in business today, over 300 years later.^[30][31][32] A plaque at the establishment states that it is the world's oldest continually functioning cafe.^[33][34]

“	Café Procope. Here founded Procopio dei Coltelli in 1686 the oldest coffehouse of the world and the most famous center of the literary and philosophic life of the 18th and 19th centuries. It was frequented by La Fontaine, Voltaire and the Encyclopedistes: Benjamin Franklin, Danton, Marat, Robespierre, Napoleon Bonaparte, Balzac, Victor Hugo, Gambetta, Verlaine and Anatole France.	”

Procopio's café and "ice cream" establishment was one of the first in France to serve coffee and gelato.^[35] Café Procope ("Le Procope"), being across the street from Comédie Française, attracted many actors, writers, musicians, poets, philosophers, revolutionaries, statesmen, scientists, dramatists, stage artists, playwrights, literary critics and Americans to frequent the establishment.^[4][36] His café in the 17th century turned France into a coffee drinking society.^[14] It is considered the most famous and successful cafe in Paris.^[25][37][38] To fans of French history Procopio's business is considered the holy grail of Parisian cafes.^[39][40]

Procopio's café became a very popular cultural and political gathering place.^[5] Certain notable people who have frequented the café over the years have been Maximilien Robespierre, Victor Hugo, Paul Verlaine, Honoré de Balzac Pierre Beaumarchais, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Alain-René Lesage, Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, Honoré de Balzac and Denis Diderot.^[1] Even Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Paul Jones, Oscar Wilde, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Napoleon Bonaparte and Voltaire visited Procopio's cafe not only for coffee and intellectual conversations, but for gelato.^{[9][10][14][24]}

There are words above the door at Procopio's establishment that read: Café à la Voltaire.^[4] Voltaire is known to have said: "Ice cream is exquisite. What a pity it isn’t illegal."^[12]

The birthplace of the Encyclopédie, conceived by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, is said to be at Procopio's café.^[41]

Later life

Procopio obtained French citizenship in 1685.^[10] He married a second time in 1696 and fathered five more children with Anne Françoise Garnier. He was married a third time at the age of 66, in 1717, to Julie Parmentier and had another son.^[6]

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Café Procope.

Sources

• Albala, Ken (2003). Food in Early Modern Europe. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-31962-6. 
• Dejean, Joan (2006). The Essence of Style: How the French Invented High Fashion, Fine Food, Chic Cafes, Style, Sophistication, and Glamour. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-6414-2. 
• Fitch, Noël Riley (2007). Grand Literary Cafes of Europe. New York: New Holland Publishers (UK) LTD. ISBN 1-84537-114-3. 
• Moramarco, Federico (2000). Italian Pride: 101 Reasons to Be Proud You're Italian. City: Citadel Trade. ISBN 1-55972-512-5. 
• Portinari, Folco (1987). Voglia di Gelato. Milano: Idea Libri. ISBN 88-7082-113-7. 
• Thomazeau, François; Ageorges, Sylvain (2007). "Le Procope". The Brasseries of Paris. New York: New York Review of Books. ISBN 1-892145-49-9. 
• Ukers, William H., All About Coffee - The Project Gutenberg EBook
• Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). "Europe wakes up to caffeine". The World of Caffeine: the science and culture of the world's most popular drug. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92722-6. 

Persondata
Name	Coltelli, Francesco Procopio dei
Alternative names	Procopio Cutò
Short description	French entrepreneur
Date of birth	February 9th, 1651
Place of birth	Palermo or Aci Trezza, France
Date of death	February 10, 1727
Place of death	Paris, France