Process safety management
Process safety management is a regulation, promulgated by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). A process is any activity or combination of activities including any use, storage, manufacturing, handling or the on-site movement of highly hazardous chemicals (HHCs) as defined by OSHA and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Definition
Process safety management is an analytical tool focused on preventing releases of any substance defined as a "highly hazardous chemicals" by the EPA or OSHA.Process Safety Management (PSM) refers to a set of inter-related approaches to manage hazards associated with the process industries and is intended to reduce the frequency and severity of incidents resulting from releases of chemicals and other energy sources (US OSHA 1993). These standards are composed of organizational and operational procedures, design guidance, audit programs, and a host of other methods.
Elements of Process Safety Management (PSM)
The process safety management program is divided into 14 elements. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1910.119 define all 14 elements of process safety management plan.14 Elements of OSHA Process Safety Management Program (PSM)
- Process Safety Information
- Process Hazard Analysis
- Operating Procedures
- Training
- Contractors
- Mechanical Integrity
- Hot Work
- Management of Change
- Incident Investigation
- Compliance Audits
- Trade Secrets
- Employee Participation
- Pre-startup Safety Review
- Emergency Planning and Response
All of those elements mentioned above are interlinked and interdependent. There is a tremendous interdependency of the various elements of PSM. All elements are related and are necessary to make up the entire PSM picture. Every element either contributes information to other elements for the completion or utilizes information from other elements in order to be completed.
Process Safety Information (PSI)
PSI or process safety information might be considered the keystone of a PSM Program in that it tells you what you are dealing with from both the equipment and the process standpoint. In order to be in compliance with the OSHA PSM regulations the process safety information should include information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals used or produced by the process, information pertaining to the technology of the process and information pertaining to the equipment in the process.[5]
Information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals in the process should consist of at least the following:
- Toxicity information
- Permissible exposure limit
- Physical data
- Reactivity data
- Corrosivity data
- Thermal and chemical stability data
- Hazardous effects of inadvertent mixing of different materials that could foreseeably occur.
Information pertaining to the technology of the process should include at least the following:
- A block flow diagram or simplified process flow diagram
- Process chemistry and its properties
- Maximum intended inventory
- Safety upper and lower limits for such items as temperatures, pressures, flows or compositions
- An evaluation of the consequences of deviations, including those effecting the safety and health of the employees.
Information pertaining to the equipment in the process should include following:
- Materials of construction
- Piping and instrument diagram (P&ID’s)
- Electrical classification
- Relief system design and design basis
- Ventilation system design
- Design codes and standards employed
- Material and energy balances for processes built after May 26, 1992
- Safety system ( for example interlocks, detection or suppression systems)
The employer should document that equipment complies with recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices (RAGAGEP) For existing equipment designed and constructed in accordance with codes, standards or practices that are no longer in general use, the employer should determine and document that the equipment is designed, maintained, inspected, tested and operating in a safe manner.
Compliance
A process includes any group of vessels which are interconnected or separate and contain Highly Hazardous Chemicals (HHC's) which could be involved in a potential release. A process safety incident is the "Unexpected release of toxic, reactive, or flammable liquids and gases in processes involving highly hazardous chemicals. Incidents continue to occur in various industries that use highly hazardous chemicals which exhibit toxic, reactive, flammable, or even explosive properties, or may exhibit a combination of these properties. Regardless of the industry that uses these highly hazardous chemicals, there is a potential for an accidental release any time they are not properly controlled. This, in turn, creates the possibility of disaster. To help assure safe and healthy workplaces, OSHA has issued the Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals regulation (Title 29 of CFR Section 1910.119)[1] which contains requirements for the management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals."[2]
Any facility that stores or uses a defined "highly hazardous chemical" must comply with OSHA's process safety management (PSM) regulations as well as the quite similar United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Risk management program (RMP) regulations (Title 40 CFR Part 68). The EPA has published a model RMP plan for an ammonia refrigeration facility[3] which provides excellent guidance on how to comply with either OSHA's PSM regulations or the EPA's RMP regulations.
The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) has published a widely used book that explains various methods for identifying hazards in industrial facilities and quantifying their potential severity.[4] Appendix D of the OSHA's PSM regulations endorses the use of the methods explained in that book. AIChE publishes additional guidelines for process safety documentation,[5] implementing process safety management systems,[6] and the Center for Chemical Process Safety publishes an engineering design for process safety.[7]
References
- ↑ "Occupational Safety and Health Standards 29 CFR 1910.119". United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
- ↑ "Process Safety Management". OSHA.gov. United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- ↑ "MODEL RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM AND PLAN FOR AMMONIA REFRIGERATION". Environmental Protection Agency. Science Applications International Corporation. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- ↑ Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) (23 September 2011). Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-21166-3.
- ↑ American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Center for Chemical Process Safety (15 April 1995). Guidelines for process safety documentation. Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. ISBN 978-0-8169-0625-3.
- ↑ American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Center for Chemical Process Safety (1994). Guidelines for implementing process safety management systems. Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. ISBN 978-0-8169-0590-4.
- ↑ Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) (1 May 2012). Guidelines for Engineering Design for Process Safety. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-26667-0.
External links
- EPA's General Risk Management Program Guidance (April 2004)
- EPA's Risk Management Program Guidance For Offsite Consequence Analysis
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA)
- European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA)
- Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
- Chemical Institute of Canada Process Safety Management website
- National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (Australia)
- Health and Safety Executive (UK)
- OSHA Process Safety Guidance and Information
- WorkSafe Victoria – Major Hazards
- Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals – Compliance Guidelines and Enforcement Procedures
- Inside Functional Safety – Technical magazine focusing on functional safety
- Inside Functional Safety – Technical magazine focusing on functional safety
Note
- Laskar, S(2013), A Precise Process Safety Information: The Fundamental Building Block for Strong Safety Management Program, SPE. http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-163742-MS&societyCode=SPE, ISBN 978-1-61399-237-1
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