Post-exposure prophylaxis

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Post-exposure prophylaxis
Intervention
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Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is any preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen (such as a disease-causing virus), in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of disease.

Rabies

PEP is commonly and very effectively used to prevent the outbreak of rabies after a bite by a rabid animal. The treatment consists of repeated injections of rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin.[1] Rabies vaccine is given to both humans and animals who have been potentially exposed to rabies.[2]

Tetanus

Tetanus post-exposure consists of 2 to 3 injections of tetanus vaccine and tetanus immunoglobulin.

HIV

History

AZT was approved as a treatment for AIDS in 1987. As AIDS patients started seeking treatment in medical centers, it sometimes happened that a healthcare worker would be exposed to HIV during work. Some people thought to try giving health care workers AZT to prevent seroconversion. This practice dramatically decreased the incidence of seroconversion among health workers when done under certain conditions.[3]

Later the question arose of whether to give HIV treatment to people who had non-occupational exposure, for example, when a condom breaks while a person with HIV has unprotected sex with an HIV-negative person in a single incidence, or in the case of unprotected sex with an anonymous partner, or in the case of a non-habitual incident of sharing a syringe for injection drug use. Evidence suggests that PEP also reduces the risk of HIV infection in these cases.[4]

Since taking HIV-attacking medications shortly after exposure was proven to reduce the risk of contracting HIV, this led to research into pre-exposure prophylaxis, which would mean taking medication before any exposure to HIV in anticipation of being in a situation which was likely to expose one to HIV infection.

Treatment

In the case of HIV exposure, post-exposure prophylaxis is a course of antiretroviral drugs which reduces the risk of seroconversion after events with high risk of exposure to HIV (e.g., unprotected anal or vaginal sex, needlestick injuries, or sharing needles).[5] The CDC recommends PEP for any HIV negative person who has recently been exposed to HIV for any reason.[5]

To be most effective, treatment should begin within an hour of exposure.[6] After 72 hours post-exposure PEP is much less effective, and may not be effective at all.[5] Prophylactic treatment for HIV typically lasts four weeks.[5][7]

While there is compelling data to suggest that PEP after HIV exposure is effective, there have been cases where it has failed. Failure has often been attributed to the delay in receiving treatment (greater than 72 hours post-exposure), the level of exposure, duration of treatment (lack of adherence to the 28 day regimen), or all three. However, given that — for non-occupational exposures — the time and level of exposure are based on patient-supplied information, absolute data is unavailable. PEP can also slow down the development of antibodies while the medications are still being taken. This can result in false negatives on an antibody test if the proper waiting period is not observed after completion of medications. The standard antibody window period begins after the last day of PEP treatment. Doctors will advise patients who received PEP to get an antibody test at 6 months post-exposure as well as the standard 3 month test.[5]

The antiretroviral regimen used in PEP is the same as the standard highly active antiretroviral therapy used to treat AIDS. It requires close compliance and can have unpleasant side effects including malaise, fatigue, diarrhea, headache, nausea and vomiting.[5]

A report from early 2013 revealed that a female baby born with the HIV virus displayed no sign of the virus two years after high doses of three antiretroviral drugs were administered within 30 hours of her birth. The findings of the case were presented at the 2013 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Atlanta, U.S. and the baby is from Mississippi, U.S. The baby is considered to be the first child to be "functionally cured" of HIV.[8]

Hepatitis A

For exposure to Hepatitis A, Human Normal Immunoglobulin (HNIG) and/or hepatitis A vaccine may be used as PEP depending on the clinical situation.[citation needed]

Hepatitis B

If the person exposed is an HBsAg positive source (a known responder to HBV vaccine) then if exposed to hepatitis B a booster dose should be given. If they are in the process of being vaccinated or are a non-responder they need to have hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and the vaccine. For known non-responders HBIG and the vaccine should be given whilst those in the process of being vaccinated should have an accelerated course of HBV vaccine.[citation needed]

Hepatitis C

Persons exposed to Hepatitis C should get monthly PCR, and if seroconversion occurs then interferon, with possible ribavirin.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Rabies: Guide for post-exposure prophylaxis". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2013-05-28. 
  2. ↑ Wiktor TJ, Macfarlan RI, Reagan KJ, Dietzschold B, Curtis PJ, Wunner WH, Kieny MP, Lathe R, Lecocq JP, Mackett M (1984). "Protection from rabies by a vaccinia virus recombinant containing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 (22): 7194–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.22.7194. PMC 392104. PMID 6095272. 
  3. ↑ Cardo, D. M.; Culver, D. H.; Ciesielski, C. A.; Srivastava, P. U.; Marcus, R.; Abiteboul, D.; Heptonstall, J.; Ippolito, G.; Lot, F.; McKibben, P. S.; Bell, D. M. (1997). "A Case–Control Study of HIV Seroconversion in Health Care Workers after Percutaneous Exposure". New England Journal of Medicine 337 (21): 1485–1490. doi:10.1056/NEJM199711203372101. PMID 9366579. 
  4. ↑ Katz, M. H.; Gerberding, J. L. (1997). "Postexposure Treatment of People Exposed to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus through Sexual Contact or Injection-Drug Use". New England Journal of Medicine 336 (15): 1097–1100. doi:10.1056/NEJM199704103361512. PMID 9091810. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Smith, Dawn K.; Grohskopf, Lisa A.; Black, Roberta J.; Auerbach, Judith D.; Veronese, Fulvia; Struble, Kimberly A. (21 January 2005). "Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the United States". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved 7 July 2011. 
  6. ↑ Diprose, P; Deakin, C.D.; Smedley, J (2000). "Ignorance of post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines following HIV needlestick injury may increase the risk of seroconversion". British Journal of Anaesthesia 84 (6): 767–770. Retrieved 7 July 2009. 
  7. ↑ "HIV/AIDS Bureau - HIV Care Pocket Guide 2006 - Occupational HIV Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP)". Retrieved 2008-03-05. 
  8. ↑ Saundra Young (4 March 2013). "Researchers: Toddler cured of HIV". CNN. Retrieved 4 July 2013. 

Further reading

  • Landovitz, RJ; Currier, JS (2009 Oct 29). "Clinical practice. Postexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection". The New England journal of medicine 361 (18): 1768–75. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0904189. PMID 19864675. 
  • Landovitz, RJ (2009 Jul-Aug). "Occupational and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis for HIV in 2009.". Topics in HIV medicine : a publication of the International AIDS Society, USA 17 (3): 104–8. PMID 19675368. 
  • Havens, PL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric, AIDS (2003 Jun). "Postexposure prophylaxis in children and adolescents for nonoccupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus.". Pediatrics 111 (6 Pt 1): 1475–89. PMID 12777574. 
  • Jost, J (1998 May). "[Post-exposure HIV prevention within and outside the hospital].". Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique (in German) 55 (5): 289–94. PMID 9643126. 

External links

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