Pope Celestine III

Pope Celestine III
Papacy began	21 March 1191
Papacy ended	8 January 1198
Predecessor	Clement III
Successor	Innocent III
Personal details
Birth name	Giacinto Bobone
Born	ca. 1106 Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire
Died	8 January 1198(1198-01-08) Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire
Other popes named Celestine

Papal styles of Pope Celestine III
Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	none

Pope Celestine III (Latin: Caelestinus III; ca. 1106 – 8 January 1198), born Giacinto Bobone,^[1] was Pope from 21 March 1191 to his death in 1198. He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome, though he was only a cardinal deacon before becoming Pope.^[2] He was ordained a priest on 13 April 1191, ruled the church six years, nine months, and nine days before he died on 8 January 1198. He was buried at the Lateran.

Cardinal

Considered by the Curia as an expert on Spain, Giacinto conducted two legatine missions to Spain in (1154–55) and (1172–75) as Cardinal Deacon of St.Maria at Cosmedin.^[3]

Pope

He crowned the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI on the day after his election in 1191 with a ceremony symbolizing his absolute supremacy, as described by Roger of Hoveden. He subsequently excommunicated the same Henry VI for wrongfully keeping King Richard I of England in prison.^[4] He placed Pisa under an interdict, which was lifted by his successor Innocent III in 1198.^[5] He condemned King Alfonso IX of León for his marriage to Teresa of Portugal on the grounds of consanguinity. Then, in 1196, he excommunicated Alfonso IX for making peace with the Muslims while making war on Castile. Following the marriage between Alfonso and Berenguela of Castile, Celestine excommunicated Alfonso and placed an interdict over León.^[6]

In 1198, he confirmed the statutes of the Teutonic Knights as a military order.^[7]

He would have resigned the papacy and recommended a successor (Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo, OSB) shortly before his death, but was not allowed to do so by the cardinals.

Notes

References

• Clarke, Peter D., The interdict in the thirteenth century: a question of collective guilt, Oxford University Press, 2007.
• Moore, John Clare, Pope Innocent III (1160/61–1216): to root up and to plant, BRILL, 2003.
• Sikes, Thomas Burr, History of the Christian Church, from the first to the fifteenth century, Eliott Stock, 1885.
• The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol.1, Ed. David Luscombe, Jonathan Riley-Smith, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• Urban, William, The Teutonic Knights, Greenhill Books, 2003.
• Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor, ed. Damian J. Smith, John Doran, Ashgate Publishing, 2008.

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