Ponton (automobile)

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1959 Renault Frégate, a typical postwar design with ponton styling.
1923 Bugatti Typ 32 'Tank'

Ponton or Pontoon styling refers to a 1930s–1960s design genre—ultimately the precursor of modern automotive styling. The trend emerged as distinct running boards and fully articulated fenders became less common and bodywork began to enclose the full width and uninterrupted length of a car.[2] The fenders of an automobile with Ponton styling may also be called Pontoon fenders, and the overall trend may also be known as envelope styling.

The term, which is now largely archaic, especially describes the markedly bulbous, slab-sided configuration of postwar European cars, including those of Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Auto Union, DKW, Borgward,[3] Lancia, Fiat, Rover, Renault and Volvo—as well as similar designs from North America.

The term derives from the French and German word Ponton, meaning pontoon.[4] The Langenscheidt German–English dictionary defines Pontonkarrosserie as "all-enveloping bodywork, straight-through side styling, slab-sided styling.[5]

Origin of the trend

1928 The Hanomag 2/10 PS, it "dispensed with running boards and integrated the fenders in the body to save on weight."[1]

The term ponton styling may have derived from the wartime practice in Germany of adding full-length tread armor along each side of a tank, attached primarily on the top edge—which resembled pontoons. As this roughly coincided with automobile styling trend where bodywork, especially running boards and fenders, became less articulated—with cars carrying integrated front fenders and full-width, full-length bodywork—the design took on the "pontoon" or "ponton" descriptor.

One of the first known cars with a ponton body is the Bugatti type 32 "Tank" which participated in the 1923 French Grand Prix at Tours.

In 1924, Fidelis Böhler designed one of the first production cars with a ponton body, the Hanomag 2/10.[6] The car's body resembled a loaf of bread earning it the sobriquet of "Kommissbrot"—a coarse whole grain bread as issued by the army.[7] The economical car was produced from 1924 to 1928. Böhler built the core body around two side-by-side passenger seats. He dispensed with running boards and integrated the fenders in the body to save on weight.[1] The cheap car became a best seller in Germany.[8]

In 1935, Vittorio Jano, working with the brothers Gino and Oscar Jankovitz, created a one-off mid-engine prototype on an Alfa Romeo 6C 2300 chassis,[9] which Jano had shipped to Fiume, Croatia in 1934. The brothers Jankovitz had been close friends with leading Hungarian aerodynamicist Paul Jaray,[9] and the prototype, called the Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider, featured ponton styling[9]—an especially early and clear example of the bulbous, uninterrupted forms that would come to characterize the genre.

See: 1935 Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider, front three quarter view.
See: 1935 Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider, profile view.

In 1937, Pinin Farina designed a flowing ponton-style body for the Lancia Aprilia berlinetta aerodynamica coupé,[10] and also the open body on the 1940 Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet.[11]

1936 BMW 328 Mille Miglia
1946 Pinin Farina's Cisitalia 202

The 1946 Cisitalia 202 coupé, which Farina designed from sketches by Cisitalia’s Giovanni Savonuzzi, was the car that "transformed postwar automobile design" according to New York’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). MoMA acquired an example for its permanent collection in 1951, noting that the car’s "hood, body, fenders, and headlights are integral to the continuously flowing surface, rather than added on. Before the Cisitalia, the prevailing approach followed by automobile designers when defining a volume and shaping the shell of an automobile was to treat each part of the body as a separate, distinct element." [12] Also introduced in 1947, the Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 [13] was another ponton-style Farina design which, together with those by Touring and others on the same chassis, has also been credited with setting the trend for post-war automotive design.[14]

Rounded, flowing forms, with unbroken horizontal lines between the fenders— the style had identified as "the so-called Ponton Side Design"[15] became "the new fashion in Europe", offered by Alfa-Romeo, Fiat, Rover and other companies.

An inspiration to American and Japanese manufacturers as well as to Europeans, Farina’s "ponton line" would be copied round the world.[16] One of the first American cars to adopt it was the 1947 Studebaker Champion, designed by Virgil Exner and Roy Cole[17] but sometimes erroneously attributed to Raymond Loewy.[15] Another, the Howard "Dutch" Darrin-designed 1947–1950 Kaiser-Frazer, was said to have been the inspiration for the 1949 Borgward Hansa 1500, Germany's first sedan in the ponton style.[18]

In the Soviet Union the GAZ-M20 Pobeda came into production in 1946, about 1 month after the first 1946 Kaiser rolled off the production line, and in Britain the Standard Vanguard went on sale the following year.

Ford and General Motors followed the trend with their own designs in 1949.[15]

Examples of "ponton" in automotive contexts

1954 Mercedes-Benz 180, nicknamed the "Ponton"

The term is now commonly used in reference to Mercedes-Benz models from 1953–1962. For example a book about the marque refers to "the Ponton", the "Ponton saloon", "Ponton 220", "Ponton 220S and SE coupes and cabriolets", and "the Ponton models".[19]

A General Motors document refers to the 1953 Olympia Rekord as "the first Opel with a full-width, or ponton, body shell".[20]

In a reference work on alternative-energy vehicles, electrical-engineering academics used the term as a generic for saloon cars with three-box design ;[21] also a 2007 German work on car design and technology mentions a "Rover-Ponton" (ponton-style Rover);[22] and a French book on art and design also used the term in an automotive context in 1996.[23]

Given that the Volkswagen Beetle carried articulated running boards and fenders its entire life, the subsequent Volkswagen Type 3 became known for its ponton styling; in Holland the Volkswagen Type 3 (1961–1974) 2-door notchback sedan from the fastback and wagon versions was called the 'Ponton." [24][25]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Georgano, Nick N (2000). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 667. ISBN 978-1-57958-293-7. 
  2. ↑ Alfred Prokesch: Knaurs großes Buch vom Auto, Droemer Knaur Verlag Schoeller & Co., Ascona 1980, ISBN 3-85886-089-1
  3. ↑ Braess, Hans-Hermann; Seiffert, Ulrich (2007). Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. p. 248. ISBN 978-3-8348-0177-7. 
  4. ↑ Haajanen, Lennart W.; Ludvigsen, Karl; Nyden, Bertil (2002). Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles. McFarland & Co. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-1276-1. 
  5. ↑ Pontonkarrosserie. Langenscheidt German–English, p. 1371. 2004-07-31. ISBN 978-3-86117-233-8. 
  6. ↑ Rob de la Rive Box: The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886–1940, Booksales Inc Remainders, 2006, ISBN 90-366-1517-8, Seite 147
  7. ↑ Böhler Einbauteile GmbH – Company History, undated, official company page, retrieved on January 17, 2009.
  8. ↑ De La Rive Box, Rob (1998). The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886–1940. Rebo International. p. 147. ISBN 978-90-366-1517-4. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider". Classic and Performance Car, Mark Dixon, December 2008. 
  10. ↑ "Lancia Aprilia Coupé Introduced 1937", Pininfarina website. Retrieved on August 10, 2008.
  11. ↑ "Fotos: Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet", www.infocoches.com. Retrieved on August 10, 2008.
  12. ↑ "Cisitalia. '202' GT Car. 1946." Museum Of Modern Art’ exhibit description. Retrieved on August 10, 2008.
  13. ↑ "Alfa Romeo 6C 2500", undated article by the editors of Consumer Guide, retrieved on August 10, 2008.
  14. ↑ Braden, Pat. "1947 6C 2500 SS", Sports Car Market magazine, May 2001.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Tumminelli, Paolo (2006). Car Design By. teNeues Publishing Company. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-8238-4561-4 
  16. ↑ Jour mondial d l’urbanisme (1963). Architecture: formes et fonction. A Krafft, p.87.
  17. ↑ "1950–1951 Studebaker" by the auto editors of Consumer Guide. Undated article retrieved on August 8, 2008.
  18. ↑ Eckermann, Erik, and Albrecht, Peter L. (2001). World History of the Automobile, pp. 163–164. SAE International. ISBN 0-7680-0800-X./
  19. ↑ Slade, Tim. Original Mercedes-Benz Coupes, Cabriolets and V8 Sedans, 1960–1972, Motor Books 2004, pp.17, 19, 23, 24, 24, 26. ISBN 0-7603-1952-9. Retrieved on August 14, 2008.
  20. ↑ General Motors, “Opel History: An overview of company milestones,” undated document for download, retrieved on August 7, 2008.
  21. ↑ Ehsani, Mehrdad; Gao, Yimin; Gay, Sebastien E.; Emadi, Ali (2004). Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. CRC Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8493-3154-1. 
  22. ↑ Braess, Hans-Hermann; Seiffert, Ulrich (2007). Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. pp. 20 and 228. ISBN 978-3-8348-0177-7. 
  23. ↑ Ed. Barré-Despond, Arlette (1996). Dictionnaire international des arts appliqués et du design. Editions du Regard. p.18. ISBN 978-2-84105-024-6. 
  24. ↑ The Volkswagen name page (in Dutch), undated, retrieved on August 7, 2008.
  25. ↑ De Volkswagen Type 3: Ponton, TL, Variant. (in Dutch), undated, retrieved on August 7, 2008.
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