Polyvinyl alcohol

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Polyvinyl alcohol


Other names PVOH; Poly(Ethenol), Ethenol, homopolymer; PVA; Polyviol; Vinol; Alvyl; Alkotex; Covol; Gelvatol; Lemol; Mowiol; Kuraray Poval, Mowiflex, Alcotex, Elvanol, Gelvatol, Gohsenol, Lemol, Mowiol, Nelfilcon A, Polyviol und Rhodoviol
Identifiers
CAS number	9002-89-5^Y
	KEGG	C00980^N
ChEMBL	CHEMBL76101^N
RTECS number	TR8100000
Properties
Molecular formula	(C₂H₄O)_x
Density	1.19-1.31 g/cm³
Melting point	200°C
Boiling point	228°C
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
NFPA 704	0 1 0
Flash point	79.44 °C; 174.99 °F; 352.59 K
LD₅₀	14,700 mg/kg (Mouse)
N (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH, PVA, or PVAl) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer (not to be confused with polyvinyl acetate, a popular wood glue). It has the idealized formula [CH₂CH(OH)]_n. It is used in papermaking, textiles, and a variety of coatings. It is white (colourless) and odorless. It is sometimes supplied as beads or as solutions in water.^[1]

Preparation

Unlike most vinyl polymers, PVA is not prepared by polymerization of the corresponding monomer. The monomer, vinyl alcohol, is unstable with respect to acetaldehyde. PVA instead is prepared by first polymerizing vinyl acetate, and the resulting polyvinylacetate is converted to the PVA.^[1] Other precursor polymers are sometimes used, with formate, chloroacetate groups instead of acetate. The conversion of the polyesters is usually conducted by base-catalysed transesterification with ethanol:

[CH₂CH(OAc]_n + C₂H₅OH → [CH₂CH(OH)]_n + C₂H₅OAc

The properties of the polymer depend on the amount of residual ester groups.

Worldwide consumption of polyvinyl alcohol was over one million metric tons in 2006.^[2] Larger producers include Kuraray (Japan and Europe) and Sekisui Specialty Chemicals (USA) but mainland China has installed a number of very large production facilities in the past decade and currently accounts for 45% of world capacity. The North Korean-manufacture fiber Vinalon is produced from polyvinyl alcohol. Despite its inferior properties as a clothing fiber, it is produced for self-sufficiency reasons, because no oil is required to produce it.

Structure and properties

PVA is an atactic material that exhibits crystallinity. In terms of microstructure, it is composed mainly of 1,3-diol linkages [-CH₂-CH(OH)-CH₂-CH(OH)-] but a few percent of 1,2-diols [-CH₂-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-CH₂-] occur, depending on the conditions for the polymerization of the vinyl ester precursor.^[1]

Polyvinyl alcohol has excellent film forming, emulsifying and adhesive properties. It is also resistant to oil, grease and solvents. It has high tensile strength and flexibility, as well as high oxygen and aroma barrier properties. However these properties are dependent on humidity, in other words, with higher humidity more water is absorbed. The water, which acts as a plasticiser, will then reduce its tensile strength, but increase its elongation and tear strength.

PVA has a melting point of 230 °C and 180–190°C (356-374 degrees Fahrenheit) for the fully hydrolysed and partially hydrolysed grades, respectively. It decomposes rapidly above 200 °C as it can undergo pyrolysis at high temperatures.

PVA is close to incompressible. The Poisson's ratio is between 0.42 and 0.48.^[3]

Uses

Polyvinyl acetals: Polyvinyl acetals are prepared by reacting aldehydes with polyvinyl alcohol. Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and polyvinyl formal (PVF) are examples of this family of polymers. They are prepared from polyvinyl alcohol by reaction with butyraldehyde and formaldehyde, respectively. Preparation of polyvinyl butyral is the largest use for polyvinyl alcohol in the U.S. and Western Europe.

Polyvinyl alcohol is used as an emulsion polymerization aid, as protective colloid, to make polyvinyl acetate dispersions. This is the largest market application in China. In Japan its major use is vinylon fiber production.^[2]

Some other uses of polyvinyl alcohol include:

Paper adhesive with boric acid in spiral tube winding and solid board production
Thickener, modifier, in polyvinyl acetate glues
Textile sizing agent
Paper coatings, release liner,
As a water-soluble film useful for packaging. An example is the envelope containing laundry detergent in "liqui-tabs".
Feminine hygiene and adult incontinence products as a biodegradable plastic backing sheet.
Carbon dioxide barrier in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles
As a film used in the water transfer printing process
As a form release because materials such as epoxy do not stick to it
Movie practical effect and children's play putty or slime when combined with borax
Used in eye drops (such as artificial tears to treat dry eyes) and hard contact lens solution as a lubricant
PVA fiber, as reinforcement in concrete
Raw material to polyvinyl nitrate (PVN). an ester of nitric acid and polyvinyl alcohol.
As a surfactant for the formation of polymer encapsulated nanobeads
Used in protective chemical-resistant gloves
Used as a fixative for specimen collection, especially stool samples
When doped with iodine, PVA can be used to polarize light
As an embolization agent in medical procedures
Carotid phantoms for use as synthetic vessels in Doppler flow testing
Used in 3D printing as support structure that can then be dissolved away.

Niche uses

Fishing

PVA is widely used in freshwater sport fishing. Small bags made from PVA are filled with dry or oil based bait and attached to the hook, or the baited hook is placed inside the bag and cast into the water. When the bag lands on the lake or river bottom it breaks down, leaving the hook bait surrounded by ground bait, pellets etc. This method helps attract fish to the hook bait.

Anglers also use string made of PVA for the purpose of making temporary attachments. For example, holding a length of line in a coil, that might otherwise tangle while the cast is made.

Safety

PVA is nontoxic. It biodegrades only slowly but up to 5% solutions are nontoxic to fish.^[1]

References

↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Manfred L. Hallensleben "Polyvinyl Compounds, Others" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_743
↑ 2.0 2.1 SRI Consulting CEH Report Polyvinyl Alcohol, published March 2007, abstract retrieved July 30, 2008.
↑ Characterization of PVA cryogel for intravascular ultrasound elasticity imaging, Fromageau, J.; Brusseau, E.; Vray, D.; Gimenez, G.; Delachartre, P.; IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume: 50, Issue: 10. 2003, Page(s): 1318 - 1324.

External links

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