Politics of Croatia

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The politics of Croatia are defined by a parliamentary, representative democratic republic framework, where the Prime Minister of Croatia is the head of government in a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government and the President of Croatia. Legislative power is vested in the Croatian Parliament (Croatian: Sabor). The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The parliament adopted the current Constitution of Croatia on 22 December 1990 and decided to declare independence from Yugoslavia. The declaration of independence came into effect on 8 October 1991. The constitution has since been amended several times. The first modern parties in the country developed in the middle of the 19th century, and their agenda and appeal changed, reflecting major social changes, such as the breakup of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, dictatorship and social upheavals in the kingdom, World War II, the establishment of Communist rule and the breakup of the SFR Yugoslavia.

The President of the Republic (Croatian: Predsjednik Republike) is the head of state and the commander in chief of the Croatian armed forces and is directly elected to serve a five-year term. The government (Croatian: Vlada), the main executive power of Croatia, is headed by the prime minister, who has four deputy prime ministers, three of whom also serve as government ministers. Seventeen ministers are in charge of particular activities. The executive branch is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies. The parliament is a unicameral legislative body. The number of Sabor representatives ranges from 100 to 160; they are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The powers of the legislature include enactment and amendment of the constitution and laws; adoption of the government budget, declarations of war and peace, defining national boundaries, calling referenda and elections, appointments and relief of officers, supervising the Government of Croatia and other holders of public powers responsible to the Sabor, and granting of amnesties. The Croatian constitution and legislation provides for regular presidential and parliamentary elections, and the election of county prefects and assemblies, and city and municipal mayors and councils.

Croatia has a three-tiered, independent judicial system governed by the Constitution of Croatia and national legislation enacted by the Sabor. The Supreme Court (Croatian: Vrhovni sud) is the highest court of appeal in Croatia. There are other specialised courts in Croatia—commercial courts and the Superior Commercial Court, misdemeanour courts, the Superior Misdemeanour (criminal) Court, the Administrative Court and the Croatian Constitutional Court (Croatian: Ustavni sud). The State Attorney's Office represents the state in legal proceedings.

Legal framework

Main article: Constitution of Croatia

Croatia is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic. Following the collapse of the ruling Communist Party in Yugoslavia, Croatia adopted a new constitution in 1990 – which replaced the 1974 constitution adopted by the Socialist Republic of Croatia – and organised its first multi-party elections.[1] While the 1990 constitution remains in force, it has been amended four times since its adoption—in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2010.[2][3] Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 8 October 1991, which lead to the breakup of Yugoslavia. Croatia's status as a country was internationally recognised by the United Nations in 1992.[4][5] Under its 1990 constitution, Croatia operated a semi-presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system.[6] Government powers in Croatia are divided into legislative, executive and judiciary powers.[7] The legal system of Croatia is civil law and, along with the institutional framework, is strongly influenced by the legal heritage of Austria-Hungary.[8] By the time EU accession negotiations were completed on 30 June 2010, Croatian legislation was fully harmonised with the Community acquis.[9]

Executive

Main articles: Government of Croatia and President of Croatia
Banski dvori, seat of the Government of Croatia

The President of the Republic (Croatian: Predsjednik Republike) is the head of state; he or she is directly elected and serves a five-year term. The president is the commander in chief of the armed forces, has the procedural duty of appointing the prime minister with the consent of the Sabor (Parliament) through a simple majority vote, and has some influence on foreign policy.[7] The most recent presidential election was held on 10 January 2010 and was won by Ivo Josipović. He took the oath of office on 18 February 2010.[10] The constitution limits holders of the presidential office to a maximum of two terms and prevents the president from being a member of any political party.[11] Consequently, the president-elect withdraws from party membership before inauguration. President Josipović did so on 15 February 2010.[12]

The government (Croatian: Vlada), the main executive power of Croatia, is headed by the prime minister who has four deputies, three of whom also serve as government ministers. there are seventeen other ministers who are appointed by the prime minister with the consent of the Sabor; these are in charge of particular sectors of activity. As of 23 December 2011, the Deputy Prime Ministers are Radimir Čačić, Neven Mimica, Branko Grčić, and Milanka Opačić. Government ministers are from the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP), and the Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats (HNS) and Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS).[13] The executive branch is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the country's foreign and domestic policies. The government's official residence is at Banski dvori.[7] As of 23 December 2011, the prime minister is Zoran Milanović.[14]

Main office holders
Office Name Party Since
President Ivo Josipović Social Democratic Party 18 February 2010
Prime Minister Zoran Milanović Social Democratic Party 23 December 2011

Legislature

Main article: Parliament of Croatia
Building of the Parliament of Croatia

The Parliament of Croatia (Croatian: Sabor) is a unicameral legislative body. A second chamber, the Chamber of Counties (Croatian: Županijski dom), was set up in 1993 pursuant to the 1990 Constitution. The Chamber of Counties was originally composed of three deputies from each of the twenty counties and the city of Zagreb. However, as it had no practical power over the Chamber of Representatives, it was abolished in 2001 and its powers were transferred to the county governments. The number of Sabor representatives can vary from 100 to 160; they are all elected by popular vote and serve four-year terms. 140 members are elected in multi-seat constituencies, up to six members are chosen by proportional representation to represent Croatians living abroad and five members represent ethnic and national communities or minorities.[15] The two largest political parties in Croatia are the SDP and the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ). The last parliamentary election was held on 4 December 2011 in Croatia and on 3 and 4 December 2011 abroad.[16]

The Sabor meets in public sessions in two periods; the first from 15 January to 30 June, and the second from 15 September to 15 December. Extra sessions can be called by the President of the Republic, by the president of the parliament or by the government. The powers of the legislature include enactment and amendment of the constitution, enactment of laws, adoption of the state budget, declarations of war and peace, alteration of the country's boundaries, calling and conducting referenda and elections, appointments and relief of office, supervising the work of the Government of Croatia and other holders of public powers responsible to the Sabor, and granting amnesty. Decisions are made based on a majority vote if more than half of the Chamber is present, except in cases of constitutional issues.[15]

Elections

For other political parties see List of political parties in Croatia. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Croatia.
Ivo Josipović, 2010 election victory speech

The Croatian constitution and legislation provides for regular elections for the office of the President of the Republic, parliamentary, county prefects, county assemblies, city and municipal mayors and city and municipal councils. The President of the Republic is elected to a five-year term by a direct vote of all citizens of Croatia. A majority vote is required to win. A runoff election round is held in cases where no candidate secures the majority in the first round of voting. The presidential elections are regulated by the constitution and dedicated legislation; the latter defines technical details, appeals and similar issues.[11]

140 members of parliament are elected to a four-year term in ten multi-seat constituencies, which are defined on the basis of the existing county borders, with amendments to achieve a uniform number of eligible voters in each constituency to within 5%. Citizens of Croatia living abroad are counted in an eleventh constituency; however, its number of seats was not fixed for the last parliamentary election. It was instead calculated based on numbers of votes cast in the ten constituencies in Croatia and the votes cast in the eleventh constituency. In the 2007 parliamentary election the eleventh constituency elected five MPs. Constitutional changes first applied in the 2011 parliamentary election have abolished this scheme and permanently assigned three MPs to the eleventh constituency.[17] Additionally, eight members of parliament are elected by voters belonging to twenty-two recognised minorities in Croatia: the Serb minority elects three MPs, Hungarians and Italians elect one MP each, Czech and Slovak minorities elect one MP jointly, while all other minorities elect two more MPs to the parliament.[18] The Standard D'Hondt formula is applied to the vote, with a 5% election threshold.[19][20] The last parliamentary election, held in 2011, elected 151 MPs.[17]

The county prefects and city and municipal mayors are elected to four-year terms by majority of votes cast within applicable local government units. A runoff election is held if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of voting.[21] Members of county, city, and municipal councils are elected to four-year terms through proportional representation; the entire local government unit forms a single constituency. The number of council members is defined by the councils themselves based on applicable legislation. Electoral committees are then tasked with determining whether the national minorities are represented in the council as required by the constitution. If the minorities are not represented, further members, who belong to the minorities and who have not been elected through the proportional representation system, are selected from electoral candidate lists and added to the council.[22]

Latest presidential election

Main article: Croatian presidential election, 2009–2010
  Summary of the 27 December 2009 and 10 January 2010 Croatian presidential election results
Candidates First round Runoff
Candidate Sustaining Party Votes % Votes %
Ivo Josipović Social Democratic Party of Croatia 640,594 32.42 1,339,385 60.26
Milan Bandić Independent 293,068 14.83 883,222 39.74
Andrija Hebrang Croatian Democratic Union 237,998 12.04
Nadan Vidošević Independent 223,892 11.33
Vesna Pusić Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats 143,190 7.25
Dragan Primorac Independent 117,154 5.93
Miroslav Tuđman Independent 80,784 4.09
Damir Kajin Istrian Democratic Assembly 76,411 3.87
Josip Jurčević Independent 54,177 2.74
Boris Mikšić Independent 41,491 2.1
Vesna Škare-Ožbolt Independent 37,373 1.89
Slavko Vukšić Democratic Party of Slavonia Plain 8,309 0.42
Valid votes: 1,954,441 98.94 2,222,607 98.64
Invalid votes: 20,890 1.06 30,547 1.36
Turnout: 1,975,909 43.96 2,253,570 50.13
Expected voters: 4,495,233 4,495,528

The percentages of votes from each candidate are calculated from number of valid voters
The percentages of valid and invalid votes are calculated from the turnout number
The turnout percentage is calculated from the number of expected voters

Source: State Election Committee – the first round,[23] runoff;[24]

Latest parliamentary election

Main article: Croatian parliamentary election, 2011
  Summary of the 4 December 2011 Croatian Parliament (Hrvatski sabor) election results
Parties and coalitions Votes % Seats % +/–[upper-alpha 1] +/–[upper-alpha 2]
Domestic electoral districts (1st–10th)
Kukuriku coalition (Kukuriku koalicija) Social Democratic Party of Croatia (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske) 958,312 40.4% 61 40.4% +5 +8[upper-alpha 3]
Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (Hrvatska narodna stranka - Liberalni demokrati) 13 8.6% +6 +8[upper-alpha 4]
Istrian Democratic Assembly (Istarski demokratski sabor) 3 2.0% ±0 ±0
Croatian Party of Pensioners (Hrvatska stranka umirovljenika) 3 2.0% +2 +2
HDZ, incl. coalitions Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica) 554,765 23.4% 41 29.1% –20 –19[upper-alpha 5]
Croatian Civic Party (Hrvatska građanska stranka) 2 1.3% +2 +2
Democratic Centre (Demokratski centar) 1 0.7% +1 +1
Croatian Labourists – Labour Party (Hrvatski laburisti - Stranka rada) 121,785 5.1% 6 4.0% +6 +5[upper-alpha 6]
Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja (Hrvatski demokratski savez Slavonije i Baranje) 68,995 2.9% 6 4.0% +3 +2[upper-alpha 7]
Independent list Ivan Grubišić (Neovisna lista Ivan Grubišić) 66,266 2.8% 2 1.3% +2 +2
Croatian Peasant Party · Green Party · Pensioners' Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka · Zelena stranka · Stranka penzionera) 71,450 3.0% 1 0.7% –5 –5
Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević · Croatian Pure Party of Rights (Hrvatska stranka prava dr. Ante Starčević · Hrvatska čista stranka prava) 66,150 2.8% 1 0.7% +1 +1
Croatian Party of Rights (Hrvatska stranka prava) 72,360 3.0% 0 — –1 –1
Croatian Social Liberal Party (Hrvatsko socijalno-liberalna stranka) 71,077 3.0% 0 — –2 ±0[upper-alpha 8]
Bloc Pensioners Together (Blok umirovljenici zajedno) – Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar (Primorsko-goranski savez) – Croatian Labour Party (Hrvatska radnička stranka) 66,239 2.8% 0 — ±0 –1[upper-alpha 9]
Other 247,689 10.4% 0 — ±0 ±0
Domestic turnout 2,373,538 (61.77%)
District XI – Croatian citizens living abroad
Croatian Democratic Union – District XI list 15,016 71.98% 3 1.98% -2 -2
Croatian Party of Rights – District XI list 2,105 10.09% 0 — ±0 ±0
Other District XI lists 3,979 18.85% 0 — ±0 ±0
District XI turnout 21,100 (5.12%)
Statistics for the first 11 electoral districts
Registered voters 4,254,121
Valid votes 2,394,638 (56.29%)
Invalid votes 41,173 (1.72%)
District XII – National minority electoral district
Independent Democratic Serb Party (Samostalna demokratska srpska stranka) – Serb national minority Differing election system 3 2.0% ±0 ±0
Kukuriku coalition – Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats – Czech and Slovak national minorities 1 0.7% +1 +1
Other national minority representatives 4 2.6% –1 –1
Overall statistics
Total parliamentary seats 151 100.0% –2 –2
Sources: State Election Committee;[25][26] Vjesnik[27]

Judiciary

Main article: Judiciary of Croatia
Croatian Supreme Court building

Croatia has a three-tiered, independent judicial system governed by the constitution and national legislation enacted by the Sabor. The Supreme Court (Croatian: Vrhovni sud) is the highest court of appeal in Croatia; its hearings are open and judgments are made publicly, except in cases where the privacy of the accused is to be protected. Judges are appointed by the National Judicial Council and judicial office is permanent until seventy years of age. The president of the Supreme Court is elected for a four-year term by the Croatian Parliament at the proposal of the President of the Republic. As of 2011, the president of the Supreme Court is Branko Hrvatin.[28][29] The Supreme Court has civil and criminal departments.[28] The lower two levels of the three-tiered judiciary consist of county courts and municipal courts.[29] There are fifteen county courts and sixty-seven municipal courts in the country.[30]

There are other specialised courts in Croatia; commercial courts and the Superior Commercial Court, misdemeanour courts that try trivial offences such as traffic violations, the Superior Misdemeanour Court, the Administrative Court and the Croatian Constitutional Court (Croatian: Ustavni sud).[31] The Constitutional Court rules on matters regarding compliance of legislation with the constitution, repeals unconstitutional legislation, reports any breaches of provisions of the constitution to the government and the parliament, declares the speaker of the parliament acting president upon petition from the government in the event the country's president becomes incapacitated, issues consent for commencement of criminal procedures against or arrest of the president, and hears appeals against decisions of the National Judicial Council. The court consists of thirteen judges elected by members of the parliament for an eight-year term. The president of the Constitutional Court is elected by the court judges for a four-year term.[2] As of June 2012, the president of the Constitutional Court is Jasna Omejec.[32] The National Judicial Council (Croatian: Državno Sudbeno Vijeće) consists of eleven members, specifically seven judges, two university professors of law and two parliament members, nominated and elected by the Parliament for four-year terms, and may serve no more than two terms.[33] It appoints all judges and court presidents, except in case of the Supreme Court. As of August 2012, the president of the National Judicial Council is Ranko Marijan, who is also a Supreme Court judge.[34]

The State Attorney's Office represents the state in legal procedures. As of August 2012, Mladen Bajić is the General State Attorney, and there are twenty-three deputies in the central office and lower-ranking State Attorneys at fifteen county and thirty-three municipal State Attorney's Offices.[35][36] The General State Attorney is appointed by the parliament.[37] A special State Attorney's Office dedicated to combatting corruption and organised crime, USKOK, was set up in late 2001.[38]

Local government

2009 Local elections: County council election winners (left), and county prefect election winners (right)
  HDZ   SDP   HSS   IDS   HNS-LD   HDSSB
Main article: Counties of Croatia

Croatia was first subdivided into counties (Croatian: županija) in the Middle Ages.[39] The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and the subsequent recapture of the same territory, and changes to the political status of Dalmatia, Dubrovnik and Istria. The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s, when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced oblasts and banovinas respectively.[40] After 1945 under Communist rule, Croatia, as a constituent part of Yugoslavia, abolished these earlier divisions and introduced municipalities, subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities. Counties, significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre-1920s subdivisions, were reintroduced in 1992 legislation. In 1918, the Transleithanian part of Croatia was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar, Gospić, Ogulin, Požega, Vukovar, Varaždin, Osijek and Zagreb; the 1992 legislation established fifteen counties in the same territory.[41][42] Since the counties were re-established in 1992, Croatia is divided into twenty counties and the capital city of Zagreb, the latter having the authority and legal status of a county and a city at the same time. In some instances, the boundaries of the counties have been changed, with the latest revision taking place in 2006. The counties subdivide into 127 cities and 429 municipalities.[43]

The county prefects, city and municipal mayors are elected to four-year terms by a majority of votes cast within applicable local government units. If no candidate achieves a majority in the first round, a runoff election is held.[21] Members of county, city and municipal councils are elected to four-year terms, through proportional representation with the entire local government unit as a single constituency.[22]

The number of members of the councils is defined by the councils themselves, based on applicable legislation. Electoral committees are then tasked with determining whether the national ethnic minorities are represented on the council as required by the constitution. Further members who belong to the minorities may be added to the council in no candidate of that minority has been elected through the proportional representation system.[22] Election silence, as in all other types of elections in Croatia, when campaigning is forbidden, is enforced the day before the election and continues until 19:00 hours on the election day when the polling stations close and exit polls may be announced.[44] Six nationwide local elections have been held in Croatia since 1990, the most recent being the 2009 local elections to elect county prefects and councils, and city and municipal councils and mayors. In 2009, the HDZ-led coalitions won a majority or plurality in fifteen county councils and thirteen county prefect elections. SDP-led coalitions won a majority or plurality in five county councils, including the city of Zagreb council, and the remaining county council election was won by IDS-SDP coalition. The SDP won four county prefect elections and the city of Zagreb mayoral election, the HSS won three county prefect elections, and the HNS and the HDSSB won a single county prefect election each.[45]

Counties of Croatia
County Seat Area (km²) Population
Bjelovar-Bilogora Bjelovar 2,652119,743
Brod-Posavina Slavonski Brod 2,043158,559
Dubrovnik-Neretva Dubrovnik 1,783122,783
Istria Pazin 2,820208,440
Karlovac Karlovac 3,622128,749
Koprivnica-Križevci Koprivnica 1,746115,582
Krapina-Zagorje Krapina 1,224133,064
Lika-Senj Gospić 5,35051,022
Međimurje Čakovec 730114,414
Osijek-Baranja Osijek 4,152304,899
Požega-Slavonia Požega 1,84578,031
Primorje-Gorski Kotar Rijeka 3,582296,123
Šibenik-Knin Šibenik 2,939109,320
Sisak-Moslavina Sisak 4,463172,977
Split-Dalmatia Split 4,534455,242
Varaždin Varaždin 1,261176,046
Virovitica-Podravina Virovitica 2,06884,586
Vukovar-Syrmia Vukovar 2,448180,117
Zadar Zadar 3,642170,398
Zagreb County Zagreb 3,078317,642
City of Zagreb Zagreb 641792,875

History

See also: History of Croatia

Within Austria-Hungary

Meeting of the Sabor in 1848

Events of 1848 in Europe and the Austrian Empire brought dramatic changes to Croatian society and politics, provoking the Croatian national revival that strongly influenced and significantly shaped political and social events in Croatia. At the time, the Sabor and Ban Josip Jelačić advocated the severance of ties with the Kingdom of Hungary, emphasising links to other South Slavic lands within the empire. Several prominent Croatian political figures emerged, such as Ante Starčević, Eugen Kvaternik, Franjo Rački and Josip Juraj Strossmayer. A period of neo-absolutism was followed by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement, which granted limited independence to Croatia. This was compounded by Croatian claims of uninterrupted statehood since the early Middle Ages as a basis for a modern state. Two political parties that evolved in the 1860s and contributed significantly to the sentiment were the Party of Rights, led by Starčević and Kvaternik, and the People's Party, led by Janko Drašković, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, Josip Juraj Strossmayer and Ivan Mažuranić. They were opposed by the National Constitutional Party, which was in power for most of the period between the 1860s and the 1918, and advocated closer ties between Croatia and Hungary.[46]

Other significant parties formed in the era were the Serb People's Independent Party, which later formed the Croat-Serb Coalition with the Party of Rights and other Croat and Serb parties. The Coalition ruled Croatia between 1903 and 1918. The leaders of the Coalition were Frano Supilo and Svetozar Pribićević. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), established in 1904 and led by Stjepan Radić, advocated Croatian autonomy but achieved only moderate gains by 1918.[46] In Dalmatia, the two major parties were the People's Party – a branch of the People's Party active in Croatia-Slavonia – and the Autonomist Party, advocating maintaining autonomy of Dalmatia, opposite to the People's Party demands for unification of Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia. The Autonomist Party, most notably led by Antonio Bajamonti, was also linked to Italian irredentism. By 1900, the Party of Rights had made considerable gains in Dalmatia.[47] The Autonomists won the first three elections, but all elections since 1870 were won by the People's Party. In the period 1861–1918 there were seventeen elections in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and ten in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.[46]

First and Second Yugoslavia

A session of Sabor, 29 October 1918

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the HSS established itself as the most popular Croatian political party and was very popular despite efforts to ban it.[48] The 1921 constitution defined the kingdom as a unitary state and abolished the historical administrative divisions, which effectively ended Croatian autonomy; the constitution was opposed by HSS.[49] The political situation deteriorated further as Stjepan Radić of the HSS was assassinated in the Yugoslav Parliament in 1928, leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929.[50] The HSS, now led by Vladko Maček, continued to advocate the federalisation of Yugoslavia, resulting in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia. The Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed Ban.[51] This arrangement was soon made obsolete with the beginning of World War II, when the Independent State of Croatia, which banned all political opposition, was established.[52] Since then, the HSS continues to operate abroad.[53]

In the 1945 election, the Communists were unopposed because the other parties abstained.[54] Once in power, the Communists introduced a single-party political system, in which the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was the ruling party and the Communist Party of Croatia was its branch.[55] In 1971, the Croatian national movement, which sought greater civil rights and the decentralisation of the Yugoslav economy, culminated in the Croatian Spring, which was suppressed by the Yugoslav leadership.[56] In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines; the Croatian faction demanded a looser federation.[57]

Modern Croatia

Cabinet of Zoran Milanović in December 2011

In 1989, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia decided to tolerate political parties in response to growing demands to allow political activities outside the Communist party. The first political party founded in Croatia since the beginning of the Communist rule was the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), established on 20 May 1989, followed by the Croatian Democratic Union on 17 June 1989. In December 1989, Ivica Račan became the head of the reformed Communist party. At the same time, the party cancelled political trials, released political prisoners and endorsed a multi-party political system. The Civil Organisations Act was formally amended to allow political parties on 11 January 1990, legalising the parties that were already founded.[58]

By the time of the first round of the first multi-party elections, held on 22 April 1990, there were 33 registered parties. The most relevant parties and coalitions were the League of Communists of Croatia – Party of Democratic Changes (the renamed Communist party), the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), and the Coalition of People's Accord (KNS), which included the HSLS led by Dražen Budiša, and the HSS, which resumed operating in Croatia in December 1989.[53][58] The runoff election was held on 6 May 1990. The HDZ, led by Franjo Tuđman, won ahead of the reformed Communists and the KNS. The KNS, led by Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Miko Tripalo – who had led the Croatian Spring – soon splintered into individual parties. The HDZ maintained a parliamentary majority until the 2000 parliamentary election, when it was defeated by the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP), led by Račan. Franjo Gregurić, of the HDZ, was appointed prime minister to head a national unity government in July 1991 as the Croatian War of Independence escalated in intensity. His appointment lasted until August 1992.[59] During his term, Croatia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia took effect on 8 October 1991.[4] The HDZ returned to power in the 2003 parliamentary election, while the SDP remained the largest opposition party.[45]

Franjo Tuđman won the presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. During his terms, the Constitution of Croatia, adopted in 1990, provided for a semi-presidential system.[3] After Tuđman's death in 1999, the constitution was amended and much of the presidential powers were transferred to the parliament and the government.[6] Stjepan Mesić won two consecutive terms in 2000 and 2005 on a Croatian People's Party (HNS) ticket. Ivo Josipović, an SDP candidate, won the presidential elections in December 2009 and January 2010.[45]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ These comparisons are made with the state of the Sabor in the Croatian parliamentary election, 2007.
  2. ↑ These comparisons are made with the last state of the 6th assembly of Sabor before this election.
  3. ↑ Ivica Pančić left SDP after the 2009-2010 presidential election. Zoran Vinković left the party in October 2010 and joined HDSSB. Ljubo Jurčić became an independent in 2011.
  4. ↑ Dragutin Lesar left HNS-LD in 2008 and formed his own Labour Party in 2010. Zlatko Horvat left HNS-LD and became an independent MP.
  5. ↑ Ivo Sanader took a seat in the Parliament as an Independent in 2010.
  6. ↑ Dragutin Lesar was elected in 2007 on HNS-LD list. He left the party in 2008 and formed his own Labour Party.
  7. ↑ Zoran Vinković left SDP in 2010 and became the 4th MP of HDSSB.
  8. ↑ Đurđa Adlešič and Ivan Čehok were elected on the HSLS list in 2007. After HSLS left the ruling majority in 2010, these two MPs became independents.
  9. ↑ Ljubo Jurčić was elected on SDP list in 2007. In 2011, he became an independent.

References

  1. ↑ "EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; Conservatives Win in Croatia". The New York Times. 9 May 1990. Retrieved 14 October 2011. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "History of Croatian Constitutional Judicature". Croatian Constitutional Court. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Veronika Rešković (17 June 2010). "Arlović: Bilo bi dobro da ovaj Ustav izdrži dulje, ali me strah da ipak neće" [Arlović: It would be good if this constitution lasts, but I fear i will not] (in Croatian). Jutarnji list. Retrieved 19 November 2011. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia". Official web site of the Parliament of Croatia. Sabor. 7 October 2004. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
  5. ↑ Paul L. Montgomery (23 May 1992). "3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted Into U.N.". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Croatia country profile". BBC News. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Political Structure". Government of Croatia. 6 May 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2011. 
  8. ↑ Tomasz Giaro (2006). Modernisierung durch Transfer im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert Von Tomasz Giaro (in German). Vittorio Klostermann. ISBN 978-3-465-03489-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011. 
  9. ↑ "Overview of EU – Croatia relations". Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Croatia. Retrieved 14 October 2011. 
  10. ↑ "Ivo Josipović – biography". Office of the President of the Republic of Croatia. Retrieved 14 October 2011. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" [Constitution of the Republic of Croatia]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 9 July 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2011. 
  12. ↑ Suzana Barilar (25 February 2010). "Predsjednika Josipovića u Saboru mijenja mlada Karolina Levaković" [President Josipović Replaced in Sabor by Young Karolina Levaković]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  13. ↑ Ivanka Toma (22 December 2011). "Novi članovi Banskih dvora – Milanovićevih 21" [New members of Banski Dvori - Milanović's 21]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 December 2011. 
  14. ↑ Marinela Vidić-Ivoš (23 December 2011). "Premijer Zoran Milanović i ministri položili prisegu kao članovi Vlade" [Prime minister Zoran Milanović and ministers sworn in as members of the government]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 December 2011. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "About the Parliament". Sabor. Retrieved 14 October 2011. 
  16. ↑ "Kukuriku osvojila 80 mandata, koalicija HDZ-a s dijasporom 47". Vjesnik (in Croatian). 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "U novi saziv Hrvatskoga sabora bira se 151 zastupnik" [151 MPs to be Elected to the next Sabor] (in Croatian). Sabor. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  18. ↑ "Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski Sabor" [Croatian Parliament Members Election Act]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 23 April 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  19. ↑ Petra Maretić-Žonja, Vojislav Mazzocco (15 July 2011). "Kukuriku-koalicija podijelila mjesta na listama, ali ne i resore" [Kukuriku coalition carves out candidate lists, not the ministries]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  20. ↑ "Izborni postupak u izborima za Hrvatski sabor" [Election process for Croatian parliamentary elections] (in Croatian). State Electoral Commission. Retrieved 21 November 2011. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Zakon o izborima općinskih načelnika, gradonačelnika, župana i gradonačelnika grada Zagreba" [Municipal Mayor, City Mayor, County Prefect and the City of Zagreb Mayor Election Act]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 24 October 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Zakon o izboru članova predstavničkih tijela jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave" [Members of Local and Regional Self-Government Representation Bodies Election Act]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 5 April 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  23. ↑ "Potpuni službeni rezultati izbora za predsjednika Republike Hrvatske" [Complete Official Results of Elections of the President of the Republic of Croatia] (in Croatian). State Election Committee. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2011. 
  24. ↑ "Potpuni službeni rezultati izbora za predsjednika Republike Hrvatske 10. siječnja 2010. (drugi krug)" [Complete Official Results of Elections of the President of the Republic of Croatia on 10 January 2010 (Runoff)] (in Croatian). State Election Committee. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2011. 
  25. ↑ "Izbori 2011 - Rezultati" (in Croatian). State Election Committee of the Republic of Croatia. 2011-12-06. Retrieved 2011-12-06. 
  26. ↑ "Konačni službeni rezultati izbora zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor" (in Croatian). State Election Committee of the Republic of Croatia. 2011-12-13. Retrieved 2011-12-18. 
  27. ↑ "Kukuriku osvojila 80 mandata, koalicija HDZ-a s dijasporom 47". Vjesnik (in Croatian). 2011-12-05. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-12. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "O Vrhovnom sudu" [About the Supreme Court] (in Croatian). Croatian Supreme Court. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Ustavne odredbe" [Provisions of the Constitution] (in Croatian). Croatian Supreme Court. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2011. 
  30. ↑ "Zakon o područjima i sjedištima sudova" [Court Districts and Headquarters Act]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 22 December 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  31. ↑ "Sudbena vlast" [Judiciary] (in Croatian). Croatian Supreme Court. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  32. ↑ "Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia". Croatian Constitutional Court. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  33. ↑ "O nama" [About us] (in Croatian). Croatian National Judicial Council. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  34. ↑ "Članovi" [Members] (in Croatian). Croatian National Judicial Council. 
  35. ↑ "Opći podaci" [General Data] (in Croatian). Croatian State Attorney's Office. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  36. ↑ "Županijska i općinska državna odvjetništva" [County and Municipal State Attorney's Offices] (in Croatian). Croatian State Attorney's Office. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  37. ↑ "Sabor imenovao Bajića na treći mandat" [Sabor appoints Bajić for the third term] (in Croatian). Poslovni dnevnik. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  38. ↑ "O USKOK-u" [About USKOK] (in Croatian). USKOK. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  39. ↑ Oleg Mandić (1952). "O nekim pitanjima društvenog uređenja Hrvatske u srednjem vijeku" [On some issues of social system of Croatia in the Middle Ages] (PDF). Historijski zbornik (in Croatian) (Školska knjiga) 5 (1–2): 131–138. Retrieved 9 September 2011. 
  40. ↑ Richard C. Frucht (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 429. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
  41. ↑ Mark Biondich (2000). Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the politics of mass mobilization, 1904–1928. University of Toronto Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8020-8294-7. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
  42. ↑ "Zakon o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj" [Territories of Counties, Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act]. Narodne novine (in Croatian). 30 December 1992. Retrieved 9 September 2011. 
  43. ↑ "Zakon o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj" [Territories of Counties, Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act]. Narodne novine (in Croatian). 28 July 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2011. 
  44. ↑ "Lokalni izbori: Počela izborna šutnja" [Local elections: Election silence starts]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 16 May 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2011. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 "Arhiva izbora" [Elections Archive] (in Croatian). State Election Commission. Retrieved 13 November 2011. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Stjepan Matković (April 2011). "Croatian-Slovenian relations in politics, 1848-1914: examples of mutual ties". Review of Croatian History (Croatian Institute of History) 6 (1): 115–132. ISSN 1845-4380. Retrieved 15 November 2011. 
  47. ↑ Šime Peričić (September 2003). "O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća" [Concerning the Number of Italians/Pro-Italians in Dalmatia in the 19th century]. Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru (in Croatian) (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) (45): 327–355. ISSN 1330-0474. 
  48. ↑ "YUGOSLAVIA: The Opposition". Newsweek. 6 April 1925. Retrieved 15 November 2011. 
  49. ↑ "Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923. godine" [Parliamentary Elections in the Brod District in 1932]. Scrinia Slavonica (in Croatian) (Croatian Institute of History – Slavonia, Syrmium and Baranya history branch) 3 (1): 452–470. November 2003. ISSN 1332-4853. Retrieved 17 October 2011. 
  50. ↑ Zlatko Begonja (November 2009). "Ivan Pernar o hrvatsko-srpskim odnosima nakon atentata u Beogradu 1928. godine" [Ivan Pernar on Croatian-Serbian relations after 1928 Belgrade assassination]. Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru (in Croatian) (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) (51): 203–218. ISSN 1330-0474. Retrieved 17 October 2011. 
  51. ↑ Matjaž Klemenčič; Mitja Žagar (2004). The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 121–123. ISBN 978-1-57607-294-3. Retrieved 17 October 2011. 
  52. ↑ R.J.B. Bosworth (2009). The Oxford handbook of fascism. Oxford University Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-19-929131-1. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Statut" [Constitution] (in Croatian). Croatian Peasant Party. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2011. 
  54. ↑ Davorin Rudolf; Saša Čobanov (June 2009). "Jugoslavija: unitarna država ili federacija povijesne težnje srpskoga i hrvatskog naroda – jedan od uzroka raspada Jugoslavije" [Yugoslavia: A Unitary State or Federation (Conflicting historical tensions – one of the causes of the dissolution of Yugoslavia)]. Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu (in Croatian) (University of Split, Faculty of Law) 46 (2): 287–317. ISSN 0584-9063. Retrieved 15 November 2011. 
  55. ↑ Marina Štambuk-Škalić (April 2003). "Prilog poznavanju institucija: Sabor Narodne Republike Hrvatske, saziv 1953-1963." [Contribution to the History of Institutions: Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia, Convocation 1953-1963]. Arhivski vjesnik (in Croatian) (Croatian State Archive) (45): 83–102. ISSN 0570-9008. Retrieved 15 November 2011. 
  56. ↑ Vlado Vurušić (6 August 2009). "Heroina Hrvatskog proljeća" [Heroine of the Croatian Spring]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2011. 
  57. ↑ Davor Pauković (1 June 2008). "Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada" [Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia: Causes, Consequences and Course of Dissolution] (PDF). Časopis za suvremenu povijest (in Croatian) (Centar za politološka istraživanja) 1 (1): 21–33. ISSN 1847-2397. Retrieved 11 December 2010. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Šime Dunatov (December 2010). "Začetci višestranačja u Hrvatskoj 1989. godine" [The Origins of the Multi-Party System in Croatia in 1989]. Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru (in Croatian) (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) (52): 381–397. ISSN 1330-0474. Retrieved 15 November 2011. 
  59. ↑ "Prethodne vlade RH" [Previous governments of the Republic of Croatia] (in Croatian). Government of Croatia. Retrieved 10 November 2011. 
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