Polish decrees
Polish decrees, Polish directives or decrees on Poles (German: Polenerlasse) refer to the decrees of the Nazi Germany government announced on 8 March 1940 during World War II.[1] They concerned the Polish laborers (Zivilarbeiter) used during World War II as forced laborers in Germany, regulating their working and living conditions.[1] The regulation intentionally supported and even created discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity.[1][2]
Purpose
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The decrees were an important step towards codifying Nazi Germany policies and laws on foreign forced labor.[1] They were meant to provide a legal basis for discriminating against Poles, fulfilling at the same time Nazi ideology and the needs of the Nazi economy.[1] The racist notion of the inferiority of the forced laborers and prisoners of war from Poland when compared with the German master race was a prominent feature of the orders.[2] The decrees, which recommended that examples of severe punishment be demonstrated to workers early on, were also aiming at clearly distinguishing the new conditions from pre-war voluntary seasonal labor.[3]
Specific content
Polish workers were required to wear a clearly visible letter "P" badge, in addition to a work permit with a photo.[2] The letter "P" badge was to be to worn on the right breast of every garment worn. Those who did not obey the rules were subject to a fine of up to 150 RM [Reichsmarks] and arrested with a possible penalty of six weeks detention. They should also be kept away from German "cultural life" and "places of amusement" (this included churches and restaurants).[2] Sexual relations between Poles and Germans was prohibited as Rassenschande (race defilement), and so it was recommended that the same numbers of Polish males and females should be recruited, or that brothels should be set up.[2][4] Mobility of workers, housed as far away as possible from Germans, was to be restricted, hence they were barred from using public transportation.[2] They were also affected by after dark curfew.[2] Wages paid to Polish workers were to be lower than those paid to the German workers.[4] Polish workers were also to receive substandard nutrition. They were not allowed certain types of possessions (bicycles, cameras). They often were denied holidays and had to work seven days a week. They could not enter a marriage without permission. Births were discouraged, and children were sometimes taken away from their families (see kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany).
Punishments for disobeying, for Polish workers, included being sent to a concentration camp and the death penalty.[3][4] Germans who disobeyed those laws by helping or sympathizing with the workers were to be punished as well, in extreme cases, by being sent to concentration camps.[3]
Application
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In 1939 there were about 300,000 prisoners from Poland working in Germany;[5] Already in 1944 there were about 2,8 m Polish Zivilarbeiters in Germany (approximately 10% of Generalgouvernement workforce)[6] and a similar number of workers in this category from other countries.[5] Forced laborers worked in agriculture, but also manufacturing.[7]
Where voluntary recruitment failed to yield a required number of workers, penalties were issued on communities that failed to provide workers (confiscation of property, fines); later, manhunts were organized (see łapanka).[8]
Workers' lives were almost totally regimented.[3]
In December 1941 the decrees were supplemented by Polish Criminal Regulation (Polenstrafrechtsverordnung), which introduced shortened trials for Poles in criminal cases. In February 1942 Eastern decrees (Ostarbeitererlasse) were issued concerning the OST-Arbeiter (workers from territories taken from Soviet Union); based on the Polish decrees.[9]
See also
- RSHA
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Ulrich Herbert, William Templer, Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-47000-5,Google Print, p.71
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Ulrich Herbert, William Templer, Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-47000-5,Google Print, p.72
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Ulrich Herbert, William Templer, Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-47000-5,Google Print, p.74
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ulrich Herbert, William Templer, Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-47000-5,Google Print, p.73
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 John C. Beyer; Stephen A. Schneider. "Forced Labor under Third Reich - Part 1" (PDF). Nathan Associates Inc. and John C. Beyer; Stephen A. Schneider. "Forced Labor under Third Reich - Part 2" (PDF). Nathan Associates Inc.
- ↑ A. Paczkowski, Historia Powszechna/Historia Polski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2008, tom 16, p. 28
- ↑ Reinhold Billstein, Karola Fings, Anita Kugler, Nicholas Levis, Billstein Levis, Working for the enemy: Ford, General Motors, and forced labor in Germany during the Second World War, Berghahn Books, 2004, ISBN 1-84545-013-2, Google Print, p.144
- ↑ M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 0-7456-1730-1, Google Print, p.226
- ↑ Ulrich Herbert, William Templer, Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-47000-5, Google Print, p.xvii
External links
- (German) Die "Polenerlasse" vom 8. März 1940 (The "Poland edicts of 8 März 1940 March 1940)
- Poster: "Poles! Recently were executed: Zlosnik Josef (for aggravated assault on his employer), Sikora Stanislaus (for rape), Domagala Wladyslaw (for aggravated burglary), Pesko Josef (for arson). You shall recognize by this: Who is working will live well in Germany! Who does not want to work will be forced to do so! Who is violating the German war and moral laws will be hanged!"
