Plateresque

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Facade of the University of Salamanca
Hospital of the Catholic Monarchs, in Santiago de Compostela

Plateresque, meaning "in the manner of a silversmith" (Plata means silver in Spanish), was an artistic movement, especially architectural, traditionally held to be exclusive to Spain and its territories, which appeared between the late Gothic and early Renaissance in the late 15th century, and spread over the next two centuries. It is a modification of Gothic spatial concepts and an eclectic blend of Mudéjar, Flamboyant Gothic and Lombard decorative components, and Renaissance elements of Tuscan origin.[1] Examples of this syncretism are the inclusion of shields and pinnacles on facades, columns built in the Renaissance neoclassical manner, and facades divided into three parts (in Renaissance architecture they are divided into two). It reached its peak during the reign of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor,[2] especially in Salamanca, but also flourished in other cities of the Iberian Peninsula as León and Burgos and in the territory of New Spain, which is now Mexico.[1][2] Plataresque has been considered down to current times a Renaissance style by many scholars. To others, it is its own style, and sometimes receives the designation of Protorenaissance.[3][4] Some even call it First Renaissance in a refusal to consider it as a style in itself, but to distinguish it from non-Spanish Renaissance works.[5]

The style is characterized by ornate decorative facades covered with floral designs, chandeliers, festoons, fantastic creatures and all sorts of configurations.[2] The spatial arrangement, however, is more clearly Gothic-inspired. This fixation on specific parts and their spacing, without structural changes of the Gothic pattern, causes it to be often classified as simply a variation of Renaissance style.[6] In New Spain the Plateresque acquired its own configuration, clinging tightly to its Mudéjar heritage and blending with Native American influences.[2] A Plateresque style could also be said to have developed in the first decades of the 16th century in southern France and Portugal.[6]

In the 19th century with the rise of historicism, the Plateresque architectural style was revived under the name of Monterrey Style.[6]

Etymology

The name Plateresque came from the silversmith trade. Diego Ortiz de Zúñiga used it for the first time, applying it to the Royal Chapel of the Cathedral of Seville in the 17th century.[1][2]

Problems of geographical area and consideration as Style

Altar plateresque of the Cistercian monastery of Santa María del Salvador, in Cañas (La Rioja)
Tomb of the Saint Juan de Ortega in the church of the convent of Santa Dorotea, Burgos

Traditionally Plateresque has been considered a style exclusively "Spanish", a term also applied to the Spanish territories held by the Spanish Crown between the 15th and 17th centuries. But by the mid-20th century this geographical connotation was questioned under the arguments of several authors, especially Camón Aznar (1945) and Rosenthal (1958), who defined Plateresque generically as a unitary amalgam of elements – Gothic, Muslim, and Renaissance. Aznar does not regard it as a style properly denoted as Renaissance, and Rosenthal emphasizes its association with certain buildings in other European countries, mainly France and Portugal, but also Germany and others.[3][5][7]

This problem highlights the imprecision of the name Plateresque and the difficulties inherent in using it to describe productions from a period of confusion and transition between styles, especially since they are characterized by decorative profusion in an apparent attempt to disguise the failure of architects to develop new structural and spatial ideas. It has even been suggested that this problem could be solved by identifying what is called Plateresque as the replacement of Gothic decoration with grotesques inspired by the works of the Italian Sebastiano Serlio.[8]

Any persuasive argument, however, must admit that the Plateresque or Protorenaissance was an artistic movement that responded to the demands of the ruling classes of imperial Spain, which had just completed the Reconquista and begun the colonization of the Americas. The Spanish were developing a consciousness of their growing power and wealth, and in their exuberance launched a period of construction of grand monuments to symbolize these with what are now considered national treasures.

Features

Spanish Plateresque

Typical Plateresque facades, like those of altarpieces, were made as carefully as if they were the works of goldsmiths, and decorated as profusely. The decoration, although of various inspirations, was mainly of plant motifs, but also had a profusion of medallions, heraldic devices and animal figures, among others. Plateresque utilized a wealth of materials: gold plates on crests and roofs, vases, etc. There is evidence of more polychrome works at the conclusion of the first third of the 16th century, when there appeared heraldic crests of historical provenance and long balustrades, to mention one kind of less busy decoration.[9]

The proliferation of decoration for all architectural surfaces led to the creation of new surfaces and subspaces, which were in turn decorated profusely, such as niches and aediculas.[10]

Italian elements were also being developed progressively as decoration: rustications, classical capitals, Roman arches and especially grotesques.[11]

The decoration had specific meanings and can not be read as merely decorative; thus laurels, military shields and horns-of-plenty were placed in the houses of military personnel. In a similar vein, Greek and Roman myths were depicted elsewhere to represent abstract humanist ideals, so that the decorative became a means to express and disseminate Renaissance ideals.[10]

Plataresque implemented and preferred new spatial aspects, so caustrales, or stairs of open boxes, made their appearance.[12] However, there were few spatial changes with respect to the Gothic tradition.

American Plateresque

In America, especially in today's Mexico, various indigenous cultures were in certain stages of development that can be considered Baroque when the Spanish brought with them the Plateresque style. This European phenomenon mixed symbiotically with local traditions, so that pure Gothic architecture was not built in America itself, but the Plateresque mixed first with Native American influences and then with African, soon evolving into what came to be called American Baroque.[13]

History

The Plateresque style follows the line of Isabelline, where decorative elements of Italianate origin combine with Iberian traditional elements to form ornamental complexes that overlay the Gothic structures. We can speak of Plateresque that retains Gothic forms as a basis until 1530. After that date, although it continued to be used and Plateresque ornaments were still evolving, it became part of an architecture that was beginning to incorporate Renaissance ideas. In 1563, with the start of construction of the monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, the Renaissance architecture was purified through the interventions of Juan de Herrera, which ended the splendor and spread of the Plateresque in the Iberian Peninsula.[3] But in Mexico it was not forgotten, leading to a Neo-Plateresque style in the 18th century.

In any case the Plateresque, considered or not as a style, and whether exclusively Spanish or more broadly European, represents the transition between Gothic and Renaissance styles.

Isabelline Style (15th century)

Main article: Isabelline Gothic
Main article: Manueline

In the 15th century a tendency to decorate with flamboyance began to develop in the Crown of Castile from Flemish, Islamic and Castilian architecture, which received the name of Isabelline Gothic because most of the construction was done at the command of Isabella I of Castile. These ornaments, which were of progressive complexity, did not influence the internal structure of the buildings.

Something similar happened in the same period in Portugal, in what became known as Manueline.

Plateresque Gothic (late 15th century–1530)

A movement began in late 15th century Spain to disguise Gothic buildings with florid decoration, especially grotesques, but the superficial application of this principle did not change the spatial qualities or architectural structure of those buildings. This process began when the Renaissance arrived in Spain and architects began copying Renaissance architectural features without understanding the new ideas behind them, that is, without letting go of medieval forms and ideas.

Many of the Plateresque buildings were already built, to which were added only layers of Renaissance ornamentation, especially around openings (windows and doors), and in general, all non-architectural elements, with some exceptions.[10]

Although the appellation 'Plateresque' is usually applied to the act of superimposing new Renaissance elements on forms governed by medieval guidelines in architecture, this trend is also seen in the Spanish painting and sculpture of the time.[12]

Plateresque Renaissance (1530–1560)

This is the period in which the Renaissance had taken hold on the Iberian Peninsula, although it had not yet reached its peak there. That event occurred with the amendments by Juan de Herrera and Philip II of Spain to the design of the monastery of El Escorial, whose construction began in 1563.

By that time the decoration, though still profuse, is completely within Italianate parameters and applied to buildings designed according to the logic of Renaissance ideas.

Monterrey Style (19th century and first third of 20th century)

Palace of Monterrey
Facade of the City Hall of Seville in the Plaza de San Francisco work by Diego de Riaño

The Monterrey style arose in the 19th century. It was named after the Palace of Monterrey in Salamanca, which was built in a Neo-Plateresque style, an historicism of the Plateresque.

The style survived until the early 20th century, featured in national and regional 'revivals'. It spread widely, and though not accepted in the critical circles of academia, some examples can be found on the Gran Vía of Madrid.[14][15]

In Mexico there was also a new iteration of Plateresque which spread to the Southwestern United States, beginning in the first half of the 18th century.[16] This Neo-plateresque is not to be confused with that of Spain at the end of 19th and early 20th centuries, the so-called Monterrey style.

Examples

Plateresque architects and artists

Plateresque buildings, architectural elements, and other works

California Building, Bertram Goodhue, architect, 1917

Plateresque Revival

In the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture style centuries later, it was differentiated from the earlier and plainer Mission Revival style with the additional refinement of Plateresque and Churrigueresque detailing. Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr. studied Spanish Colonial structures in Mexico before designing the 1915 Panama-California Exposition in San Diego, California, that introduced this style to the United States and subsequent widespread popularity.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bozal, Valeriano; Art history in Spain: From the origins to the Enlightenment, pp. 157, 165. Ed Akal (1978). ISBN 978-84-7090-025-9.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Arellano, Fernando; The Hispanic American Art, pp. 13–14. Ed. Universidad Católica Andrés (1988). ISBN 978-980-244-017-7.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Arias de Cossío, Ana María; The Art of the Spanish Renaissance, pp. 90–91. Ed. Encuentro (2009). ISBN 978-84-7490-909-8.
  4. ↑ Marías, Fernando; The 16th century: Gothic and Renaissance, p. 24. Ed. Silex Ediciones (2002). ISBN 978-84-7737-037-6.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alonso Ruiz, Begoña; Late Gothic architecture in Castile: los Rasines, p. 23. Ed. University of Cantabria (2003). ISBN 978-84-8102-304-6.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Bendala Galán, Manuel; Manual of the Spanish art, p. 416. Ed. Silex Ediciones (2003). ISBN 978-84-7737-099-4.
  7. ↑ Nieto Alcaide, Víctor Manuel; Morales, Alfredo José; Checa Cremades, Fernando; Renaissance architecture in Spain, 1488–1599, p. 60. Ed. Cátedra (1989). ISBN 978-84-376-0830-3.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bassegoda Nonell, Juan; History of the architecture, p. 224
  9. ↑ Quesada Marco, Sebastián; Dictionary of Spanish culture and civilization, p. 64. Ed. Akal (1997). ISBN 978-84-7090-305-2.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Ávila, Ana; Images and symbols in the Spanish painted architecture (1470–1560), pp 80–83. Ed. Anthropos (1993). ISBN 978-84-7658-417-0.
  11. ↑ Amorós, Andrés, y Camarero, Manuel; Annotated Anthology of the Spanish literature: history and texts: 16th century, p. 183. Ed. Castalia (2006). ISBN 978-84-9740-125-8.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marías, Fernando; El siglo XVU: Gothic and Renaissance, p. 163. Ed. Silex Ediciones (1992). ISBN 978-84-7737-037-6.
  13. ↑ Carpentier, Alejo; Márquez Rodríguez, Alexis; y García Carranza, Araceli; Recovered steps: Essays of Theory and Literary Criticism, p. 37. Ed. Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho (2003). ISBN 978-980-276-354-2.
  14. ↑ Navascués Palacio, Pedro, y Alonso Pereira, José Ramón; La Gran Vía de Madrid. Ed. Encuentro (2002). ISBN 978-84-7490-667-7.
  15. ↑ Of San Antonio Gómez, Carlos; The Madrid of the, 98: architecture for a crisis. 1874–1918, p. 132. Ed. Community of Madrid, Ministry of Education and Culture (1998). ISBN 978-84-451-1485-8.
  16. ↑ Zuno Hernández, José Guadalupe; History of the arts in the Mexican Revolution, vol. 2, p. 41. Ed. National Institute of Historical Studies of the Mexican Revolution (1967).
  17. ↑ Fernando Chueca Goitia; Ars Hispaniae: Architecture of the 16th century. Ed. Plus-Ultra (1953).
  18. ↑ Camón Aznar, José; La arquitectura plateresca. Ed. Instituto Diego Velázquez (1945).
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Aguado Bleye, Pedro, y Alcázar Molina, Cayetano; Manual of History of Spain: Christian Monarchs. House of Habsburg (1474–1700), p. 1064. Ed. Espasa-Calpe (1963).
  20. ↑ Soldevila, Ferrán; History of Spain, vol. 3. Ed. Ariel (1999).
  21. ↑ Rivas Carmona, Jesús; The retrochoir of spanish cathedrals: a study of an architectural typology, p. 93. Ed. Editum (1994). ISBN 978-84-7684-572-1.
  22. ↑ Bozal, Valeriano; History of the Art in Spain. From Goya to the present day, p. 67. Ed. Akal (1991). ISBN 978-84-7090-027-3.
  23. ↑ Bueno Fidel, María José; Architecture and nationalism: Spanish pabillions in the 19th century universal expositions, cap. 6. Ed. University of Málaga and Colegio de Arquitectos (1987).
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