Plasma cell leukemia

Plasma cell leukemia
Classification and external resources
A schematic showing peripheral blood with plasma cell leukemia. Many plasma cells are seen mixed with red cells.
ICD-10	C90.1
ICD-9	203.1
ICD-O:	M9733/3
MeSH	D007952

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL), a lymphoproliferative disorder,^[1] is a rare cancer involving a subtype of white blood cells called plasma cells.^[2] Plasma cell leukemia is one of the most aggressive human neoplasms and constitutes 2% to 4% of all cases of plasma cell disorders. The WHO criterion for diagnosis of PCL is that plasma cells constitute more than 20% of cells in the peripheral blood with an absolute plasma cell count of more than 2 × 10⁹/L. The presentation may be primary, de novo, or secondary, evolving from an existing case of multiple myeloma as part of the terminal phase of the disease. Approximately 60 to 70% of cases are primary.

Laboratory findings

Although there is overlap, the markers of plasma cells from patients with primary PCL is different from those of myeloma patients. PCL plasma cells more frequently express the CD20 antigen than those of multiple myeloma (50% vs. 17%), and they often lack CD56 antigen which is present on the majority of myeloma cells. CD56 is considered important in anchoring plasma cells to bone marrow stroma, and its expression is associated with a poor prognosis. CD28 is more frequently expressed on malignant plasma cells in secondary than in primary PCL, which is consistent with an observation made in myeloma, that is, that acquisition of the CD28 antigen on plasma cells appears to correlate with an increased proliferative rate and disease progression.^{[citation needed]}

The chromosome characteristics or karyotypes of PCL plasma cells is complex. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ) techniques, losses in the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q) and deletion of one the homologous chromosomes 13 (monosmy 13) exist in more than 80% of PCL patients. Losses on chromosome 16 also occur in approximately 80% of cases. Gains in long arm of chromosome 1 (1q) are present in approximately one-half of the patients determined by FISH, but in all patients by comparative genomic hybridization. Overexpression of the protein PRAD1/cyclin D1, which plays an important role in control of the cell cycle, has also been observed in PCL. Plasma cell leukemia is more frequent in light-chain (Bence Jones protein) or IgD myeloma. It is seen less frequently in IgA or IgG myeloma (see: multiple myeloma).^{[citation needed]}

Clinical course

The clinical presentation of primary PCL is more aggressive than that of multiple myeloma, and the clinical features found in PCL involves combination of those found in acute leukemia and those found in myeloma. PCL patients have a higher presenting tumor burden; higher frequencies of (involvement of organs other than the bone marrow by disease), thrombocytopenia (decreased platelet count), anemia, hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium), and renal impairment; increased levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and β-2 microglobulin and plasma cell proliferative activity. The incidence of lytic bone lesions is slightly lower than that usually observed in multiple myeloma. PCL is extremely aggressive associated with short survival (median survival of 6–8 months).^[2]

Therapy and prognosis

Treatment of plasma cell leukemia is by supportive care and systemic chemotherapy. Combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (or dexamethasone) can be used. A second combination is the use of cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, and thalidomide as for myeloma. Another regimen termed VMCP/VBAP uses alternating vincristine, melphalan (M), cyclophosphamide, prednisone/vincristine, carmustine, doxorubicin, and prednisone polychemotherapy. In general, combination chemotherapy has resulted in median survivals of 18 to 20 months compared to 2 to 6 months when single agent therapy is used.^{[citation needed]} There are anecdotal reports of excellent responses and 2- to 3-year disease-free survivals after autologous stem cell transplantation. Autologous transplantation may increase benefit from conventional therapy and high dose melphalan may prolong progression free and overall survival.^{[citation needed]}

Although the clinical and laboratory features of primary and secondary PCL are similar, the response to therapy and overall survival in primary and secondary PCL go from poor to worse. Patients with secondary PCL are usually refractory to chemotherapy and have a poor survival compared with duration (median <2 months).

Novel agents like thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib have been recently used, alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics like melphalan or cyclophosphamide.^{[citation needed]} Two cases had encouraging results with bortezomib.^[2][1] Recent studies demonstrate that velcade (bortezomib)- based regimens offer a significant profit in patients suffering from PCL.^{[citation needed]} More aggressive therapeutic regimens like DT-PACE or protocols used in ALL offer a significant response rate, but with short remission interval.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chan SM, George T, Cherry AM, Medeiros BC (February 2009). "Complete remission of primary plasma cell leukemia with bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone: a case report". Cases J 2 (1): 121. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-2-121. PMC 2644294. PMID 19192311. 
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kim SJ, Kim J, Cho Y, Seo BK, Kim BS (May 2007). "Combination chemotherapy with bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone may be effective for plasma cell leukemia". Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 37 (5): 382–4. doi:10.1093/jjco/hym037. PMID 17538191. 

[1] Greer JP, Foerster J, and Lukens JN, "Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology", Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 11th ed., 2003.

[2] Hoffman R, Benz E, Shattil S, Furie B, Cohen H, "Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice", Churchill Livingstone, 4th ed, 2004.

[3] Hoffbrand AV, Catovsky D, and Tuddenham E, "Postgraduate Haematology", Blackwell, 5th ed., 2005.

[4] Hoffbrand AV, Moss PAH, and Pettit JE, "Essential Haematology", Blackwell, 5th ed., 2006.