Plan Z

Plan Z was the name given to the planned re-equipment and expansion of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) ordered by Adolf Hitler on January 27, 1939.^[1] The fleet was meant to challenge the naval power of the United Kingdom.^[2]

Naval construction under Versailles

Emden, the first major warship built after World War I

Following the end of World War I, the German armed forces became subject to the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. For the new Reichsmarine, this meant it was limited to six pre-dreadnought battleships, six old light cruisers, 12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. A further two pre-dreadnoughts, two cruisers, and four destroyers and torpedo boats apiece could be kept in reserve.^[3] The first major ship to be built after the war was the light cruiser Emden in the early 1920s. This was followed by a further three light cruisers of the Königsberg class: Königsberg, Karlsruhe and Köln, and a further two ships that were modified versions of the Königsberg-class, Leipzig and Nürnberg.^[4] At the same time, the Germans created a dummy corporation, NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw (IvS), in the Netherlands to secretly continue development of submarines.^[5] This was in violation of Article 191 of the Treaty of Versailles, which prohibited Germany from possessing or building submarines for any purpose.^[6] IvS built several submarines for foreign navies, including the Turkish Gür, which was the basis for the Type I U-boat, and the Finnish Vesikko, which was the prototype for the Type II U-boat.^[7]

The Treaty also stipulated that Germany could replace its pre-dreadnought battleships after they reached twenty years of age, but new vessels could displace no more than 10,000 long tons (10,000 t).^[8] In response to these limitations, the Germans attempted to build a powerful heavy cruiser—classified as a panzerschiff (armored ship)—that outclassed the new heavy cruisers built by Britain and France. Since the armament British and French designs were bound by the Washington Naval Treaty to a caliber of 8 in (200 mm), the Germans chose to arm Deutschland with six 11 in (280 mm) guns. The Germans hoped that by building a ship significantly more powerful than the Allies, they could force the Allies to admit Germany to the Washington treaty system in exchange for cancelling Deutschland, thereby abrogating the naval limitations imposed by Versailles. The French vehemently opposed any concessions to Germany, and therefore, Deutschland and two further units—Admiral Scheer and Admiral Graf Spee—were built.^[9]

In 1932, the Reichsmarine secured the passage of the Schiffbauersatzplan (Replacement ship construction program) through the Reichstag. The program called for two separate production phases, the first from 1930 to 1936, and the second from 1936 to 1943. The latter phase was secretly intended to break the Versailles restrictions.^[10] The following year, Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany. He unilaterally withdrew from the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles and began the systematic re-building of the armed forces. The prestige brought by the Panzerschiffe led to two improved vessels, the D class, to be ordered. These ships were cancelled and reordered as the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau,^[11] which were 32,000-long-ton (33,000 t) ships armed with nine 28 cm guns and much greater armor protection than their predecessors.^[12] In 1935, Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which permitted Germany to build up to 35 percent of the strength of the Royal Navy in all warship categories.^[13] The initial designs for two follow-on ships—the Bismarck class—initially called for a displacement of 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) with 13 in (330 mm) guns, but to counter the two new, French Richelieu-class battleships, the new ships were significantly enlarged, to a displacement of over 41,000 long tons (42,000 t) and 15 in (380 mm) guns.^[14]

Operational philosophies

Erich Raeder, commander of the Kriegsmarine

The postwar German Navy was conflicted over what direction future construction should take. In September 1920, Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) William Michaelis issued a memorandum laying out the goals of the new Reichsmarine; these goals emphasized coastal defense rather than significant expansion. The Army viewed Poland as the primary future enemy, and the Navy assumed that in a conflict with Poland, France would support Poland. Thus, the French Navy would be the most likely opponent for the Reichsmarine; Britain was expected to remain neutral in such a conflict. The construction of warships through the mid-1930s was primarily directed against the perceived French threat.^[15] Any hypothetical U-boats would generally support the main fleet rather than embark on a commerce raiding campaign, and any raiding would be done strictly according to cruiser rules.^[16] This view remained the established orthodoxy until the mid-1930s, when then Kapitän zur See (Captain at Sea) Karl Dönitz came to command U-boat arm.^[17] Dönitz advocated a return to unrestricted submarine warfare and the adoption of wolfpack tactics to overwhelm convoy defenses.^[18]

In the 1920s, the question arose over what to do with the cruisers that would presumably be abroad on training cruises when a war would break out. The high command decided that they should operate as independent commerce raiders. When Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) Erich Raeder became the head of the Reichsmarine in 1928, he fully endorsed the concept of long-range surface raiders. This was in large part due to his service in World War I as the chief of staff to Vizeadmiral Franz von Hipper, where he saw the fleet rendered impotent by the crushing British naval superiority.^[10] By 1938, Hitler's aggressive foreign policy made conflict with Britain increasingly likely. He ordered that completion of Bismarck and Tirpitz be expedited, along with six new H-class battleships yet to be laid down. These eight battleships would form the core of a new battle fleet capable of engaging the British Royal Navy. Hitler nevertheless assured Raeder that war would not come until 1948.^[13]

Raeder meanwhile believed that Britain could be more easily defeated through the surface raider strategy he favored. The initial version of his plan was based on the assumption that the fleet should be centered on panzerschiffe, long-range cruisers, and U-boats to attack British commerce.^[13] These forces would tie down British naval power and allow a smaller number of battleships to operate in the North Sea. This first draft was called Plan X; a pared down revision was renamed Plan Y, and the final version presented to Hitler was Plan Z.^[19] Hitler rejected Raeder's proposed construction plan, which led to a more balanced fleet that incorporated the battleships Hitler sought and was accepted on 1 March 1939. Raeder planned to use the battleships and aircraft carriers in task forces to support the panzerschiffe and light cruisers attacking British merchant traffic.^[13]

The plan

The plan approved by Hitler called for a surface fleet composed of the following vessels, which included all new ships built in the 1920s and 30s:^[13]

These figures included the four Scharnhorst and Bismarck-class battleships already built or building, the three Deutschland-class panzerschiffe and the six light cruisers already in service.^[13] Two complete the core of the Plan Z fleet, six H-class battleships, three O-class battlecruisers, twelve P-class panzerschiffe, and two Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carriers with two more of a new design, were to be built.^[20][21] The five ships of the Admiral Hipper class comprised the mandated heavy cruisers, while the M class of light cruisers would fulfill the requirement for light cruisers.^[22] The Spähkreuzer 1938 design would form the basis for the fleet scouts ordered in the program.^[23] On 27 July 1939, Raeder revised the plan to cancel all twelve of the P-class panzerschiffe.^[21]

In the short time from the introduction of Plan Z to the beginning of war with the United Kingdom on 3 September only two of the plan's large ships, a pair of H class battleships, were laid down; material for the other four ships had started to be assembled in preparation to begin construction but no work had been done.^[24] At the time components of the three battlecruisers were in production, but their keels had not yet been laid down.^[25] Two of the M-class cruisers had been laid down, but they were also cancelled in late September.^[26] Work on Graf Zeppelin was cancelled definitively in 1943 when Hitler finally abandoned the surface fleet after the Battle of the Barents Sea debacle.^[27]

Impact on World War II

Since the plan was cancelled less than a year after it was approved, the positive effects on German naval construction were minimal. All of the ships authorized by the plan were cancelled after the outbreak of war, with only a few major surface vessels that predated the plan completed during the conflict. Nevertheless, the plan represented the strategic thinking of the Oberkommando der Marine (OKM—Naval High Command) on the eve of war. Most significantly, the OKM favored surface combatants over the U-boats Dönitz needed for his submarine campaign, which left him with only a handful of submarines at the start of war. The shift to the submarine war was not definitively made until 1943, by which time the campaign had already been lost.^[28][29]

Footnotes

References

• Bidlingmaier, Gerhard (1971). "KM Admiral Graf Spee". Warship Profile 4. Windsor, UK: Profile Publications. pp. 73–96. OCLC 20229321. 
• Blair, Clay, Jr. (1996). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942. London, UK: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0304352608. 
• Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870219138. 
• Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870211010. 
• Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870217909. 
• Overy, Richard; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War. London, UK: Macmillan Press. 
• Rössler, Eberhard (1981). The U-boat: The Evolution and Technical History of German Submarines. Translated by Harold Erenberg. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0304361208. 
• Showell, Jak P Mallmann (1999). German Navy Handbook, 1939–1945. Gloucestershire, UK: Thrupp, Stroud. ISBN 0750915560. 
• Syrett, David (1994). The Defeat of the German U-Boats: The Battle of the Atlantic. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0585336296. 
• Williamson, Gordon (2003). German Pocket Battleships 1939–1945. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841765015. 

Further reading

• Breyer, Siegfried (1996). Der Z-Plan. Wölfersheim-Berstadt, DE: Podzun Pallas Verlag. ISBN 3-7909-0535-6. 
• Hillgruber, Andreas (1974). "England's Place In Hitler's Plans for World Dominion". Journal of Contemporary History 9: 5–22. doi:10.1177/002200947400900101. 
• Nolte, Maik (2005). "... mit Anstand zu sterben verstehen.": Flottenrüstung zwischen Tirpitzscher Tradition, strategischer Notwendigkeit und ideologischem Kalkül 1933 - 1943. Tönning, DE: Der Andere Verlag.