Plaice

European plaice

American plaice

Plaice is a common name used for a group of flatfish. There are four species in the group, the European, American, Alaskan and scale-eye plaice.

Commercially the most important plaice is the European plaice. This is the principal commercial flatfish in Europe. It is also widely fished recreationally, has potential as an aquaculture species, and is kept as an aquarium fish. Also commercially important is the American plaice.

The term plaice (plural plaice) comes from the 14th century Anglo-French plais. This in turn comes from the late Latin platessa, meaning flatfish, which originated from the Greek platys, meaning broad.^[5]

European plaice

World catch of European plaice in thousands of tonnes, based on FAO catch data^[1]

External images

Distribution map for European plaice (The Sea Around Us)

The European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) is a right-eyed flounder belonging to the Pleuronectidae family. They are a commercially important flatfish which lives on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf. They range geographically from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean. European plaice are characterised by their smooth brown skin, with distinctive red spots and bony ridge behind the eyes. They feed on polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves and can be found at depths up to 200 metres. At night they move into shallow waters to feed, and during the day they bury themselves in the sand. Their maximum recorded length is 100 cm (39.4 inches), and maximum reported age 50 years.^[6]

Together with sole, European plaice form a group of flatfish that are the most important flatfish in Europe.^[7] European plaice have been fished from the North Sea for hundreds of years. They are usually fished from beam trawlers, otter trawlers or seiners.^[8] In the Celtic Sea the plaice species is considered overfished.^[9]

Comparison of world catch by weight 2007 for European plaice, using FAO catch data^[2]

American plaice

World catch of American plaice in thousands of tonnes, based on FAO catch data^[4]

External images

Distribution map for American plaice (The Sea Around Us)

Like the European plaice, the American plaice is also a right eyed flatfish belonging to the Pleuronectidae family. American plaice are an Atlantic species.^[10] They range from southern Labrador to Rhode Island. They are also found in Europe, where they are called the rough dab or the long rough dab. They spawn in the Gulf of Maine, with peak activity in April and May. They are brown or reddish, and are generally smaller than European plaice with a rougher skin and larger scales. Their maximum recorded length is 82.6 cm (32.5 inches), and maximum reported age 30 years. They are usually found between depths of 90 metres and 250 metres on sandy bottoms with temperatures between -0.5 and 2.5°C. They feed on small fishes and invertebrates.^[11][12] The species is considered by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization to be overfished, with no signs of recovery.^[13] On the other hand, the Canadian government believes the species is abundant. It is the second most caught flatfish in Canada, accounting for 50 percent of all flatfish caught.^[14]

American plaice may be an intermediate host for the nematode parasite Otostrongylus circumlitis, which is a lungworm of seals, primarily affecting animals less than 1 yr of age. They are also currently endangered in Canada due to overfishing.^[15]

Comparison of world catch by weight 2004 for American plaice, using FAO catch data^[3]

Alaska plaice

Alaska plaice can live for up to 30 years, and grow to 60 centimetres (24 inches) long, but most that get caught are only seven or eight years old, and about 30 cm (12 in).^[16]

Most commercial fisheries do not target Alaska plaice; but many are caught as bycatch by commercial trawlers trying to catch other bottom fish. Thus, many Alaska plaice get caught anyway - so much so that, for example, the 2005 total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area (BSAI) was reached before the end of May of that year.

Scale-eye plaice

The scale-eye plaice is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives at depths from between 18 metres (59 ft) to 900 metres (3,000 ft). It can reach 46 centimetres (18 in) in length and can weigh up to 1.2 kilograms (2.6 lb). Its native habitat is the northern Pacific, primarily from the Sea of Okhotsk to Japan and Korea, though it is also found in the Bering Sea.^[17]

Plaice as a food

In North German and Danish cuisine plaice is one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an open sandwich topping together with remoulade sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with french fries and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants. Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, are readily available in supermarkets. Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.

"The flesh of plaice is white, tender and subtle-flavoured."^[8] Plaice is sometimes used as the fish in fish and chips, in countries where the dish is popular.^[18]

Current status

Plaice, along with the other major demersal fish in the North Sea such as cod, monkfish and sole, is listed by the ICES as "outside safe biological limits." Moreover, they are growing less quickly now and are rarely older than six years, whereas they can reach forty.^[19] The World Wide Fund for Nature says that in 2006 that "of the eight plaice stocks recognised by ICES, only one is considered to be harvested sustainably while three are overexploited. Data is insufficient to assess the remaining stocks; however, landings for all stocks are at or near historical lows." ^[20]

Notes

References

• Rijnsdorp, A.D. (1991) Changes in fecundity of female North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) between three periods since 1900. ICES Journal of Marine Science; 48: 253-280
• Wimpenny, R.S. (1953) The plaice being the buckland lectures. Publisher Edward Arnold
• Gibson, R.N. (2004) Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation. Blackwell Publishing
• Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
• 1998 Marine Fisheries Review article
• Bulletin announcing reaching the total allowable catch of Alaska plaice for 2005 (National Marine Fisheries Service)

External links

• Guide to Responsible Sourcing of Plaice - produced by Seafish http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/fisheries_management/Plaice%20Factsheet2%20%20final.pdf
  • Meet the Ekofish otter trawl plaice fishers Information about plaice Marine Stewardship Council.

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