Piperi clan
Piperi | |
---|---|
Ethnicity |
Montenegrin Serb (Serbs of Montenegro)[1] |
Current region | Brda (Highlands), Montenegro |
Notable members | Saint Stephen of Piperi |
Traditions | Aranđelovdan (slava) |
Piperi (Serbian Cyrillic: Пипери) is one of seven traditional Highland tribes (demonym: Brđani, meaning "highlanders", from Brda) and a sub-region of northeastern Montenegro, spanning a region between the Morača and Zeta rivers, reaching the northern suburbs of the Montenegrin capital Podgorica. The Piperi is regarded one of the most bellicose tribes during the wars with the Ottoman Empire, in the history of Montenegro. The tribe is the most widespread, as families hailing from Piperi exist in all former Yugoslav republics, especially in Serbia.
Origin
The eponymous founder, voivode Pipo, lived in the 15th century, and was a brother of Vasilije (Vaso, fl. 1444[2][3]), the founder of the Vasojevići. According to legend, the brothers descended from the Nemanjić dynasty, which ruled the Serbian Grand Principality, Kingdom and Empire (1166–1371), through their great grandfather Stephen Constantine, a rival King, who was defeated by his half-brother Stephen Uroš III in 1322.[2][3] Constantine had a son, Stephen Vasoje, who was brought up at the court of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331-1355).[2][3] Stephen Vasoje had a son, Stephen Constantine II (1342–1389, known as Vojvoda Vasojević Stevo in folklore) who fell at the Battle of Kosovo (1389), against the Ottoman Empire.[2][3] Constantine II had five sons, Pipo, Vasoje, Lazar (Ozro), Kraso, and Mrkota (Ota), Ban (Bijeli Pavle). Pipo's brothers were forefathers of the Orthodox Serb tribes of Vasojevići and Ozrinići, Mrkojevići, Ban (Bijeli Pavle) Brđani(Bjelopavlici), and the Albanian Catholic tribes Krasniqi (and Serbian Orthodox Krasnići) and Hoti).
History
Piperi was first mentioned in Venetian documents at the beginning of the 15th century. Mariano Bolizza recorded in 1614 that the Piperi had a total of 270 houses, of Serbian Orthodox faith. The 700 men in arms were commanded by Radoslav Božidarov.[4] Giovanni Bembo, the Doge of Venice (1615–1618), had defeated the Serb pirates (Uskoks), whom the Austrians had employed against the Republic of Venice; they were forced to take refuge at Nikšić and Piperi, and established themselves in the villages and tribes, under the later presidence of the Petrović-Njegoš family that held the office of Serbian Orthodox Metropolitan of Cetinje (later Vladika, Prince-Bishop) after 1694.[5] They fought Osman Pasha in 1732, and Mahmut Pasha in 1788. They are mentioned as a "Serbian Orthodox clan" in a historical and geographical survey from 1757 and a letter sent by the Clan federation to Russia from 1789.[1] In 1796 they fought Mahmut Pasha again, in the Battle of Martinići (in modern Danilovgrad). They fought Tahir Pasha around 1810.
Prince-Bishop Petar I (r. 1782-1830) waged a successful campaign against the bey of Bosnia in 1819; the repulse of an Ottoman invasion from Albania during the Russo-Turkish War led to the recognition of Montenegrin sovereignty over Piperi.[6] Petar I had managed to unite the Piperi, Kuči and Bjelopavlići into his state.[6] A civil war broke out in 1847, in which the Piperi and Crmnica sought to secede from the principality which was afflicted by a famine, and could not relieve them with the rations of the Ottomans, the secessionists were subdued and their ringleaders shot.[7] Amid the Crimean War, there was a political problem in Montenegro; Danilo I's uncle, George, urged for yet another war against the Ottomans, but the Austrians advised Danilo not to take arms.[8] A conspiracy was formed against Danilo, led by his uncles George and Pero, the situation came to its height when the Ottomans stationed troops along the Herzegovinian frontier, provoking the mountaineers.[8] Some urged an attack on Bar, others raided into Herzegovina, and the discontent of Danilo's subjects grew so much that the Piperi, Kuči and Bjelopavlići, the recent and still unamalgamated acquisitions, proclaimed themselves an independent state in July, 1854.[8] Danilo was forced to take measurement against the rebels in Brda, some crossed into Turkish territory and some submitted and were to pay for the civil war they had caused.[8]
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš founded the police force (gvardija) throughout the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, as part of his transformation from a tribal federation to a proper state; 26 existed in Piperi.[9]
Jovan Erdeljanović, a renowned Serbian ethnographer, stated that the four main bratstva (clans) of Rogami (a region corresponding to ancient Duklja), the Rajkovići, Stamatovići, Vučinići and Vukanovići, had become pobratim (blood brothers) and that they all venerated Archangel Michael as their patron saint (the Serbian Orthodox tradition of slava).[10]
Piperi was one of the tribes that constituted the "Greens" (Zelenaši),[11] a political faction that saw the unification of Montenegro to Serbia as the annexation of Montenegro (although they declared themselves as ethnic Serbs[12]), and instead supported an independent Montenegro, though the unionist side (The "Whites", in favor of unification with Serbia) won at the Podgorica Assembly. The Greens, backed by the Kingdom of Italy, instigated the Christmas Uprising on January 7, 1919.
During World War II the majority of the tribe supported the Yugoslav Partisans.[13]
Families
- Alagići
- Aćimići
- Božarići
- Balijaši*
- Banaševići
- Bašanovići*
- Bašovoći
- Boljevići
- Boškovići*
- Božovići
- Bracanovići
- Brkovići
- Šujaci
- Dakići
- Dragićevići
- Dragišići
- Đukići
- Đuraševići*
- Đurovići
- Filipovići
- Gegići*
- Gligorovići
- Goričani*
- Grubeljići*
- Ivanovići
- Ivančevići
- Jelenići
- Jovanovići
- Jovovići
- Kaluđerovići*
- Keć
- Lakićevići
- Lakočevići
- Lačkovići
- Lalići*
- Ljumovići
- Makočevići
- Maudići
- Markovići
- Matkovići
- Mijovići
- Miličkovići
- Milunovići
- Nikolići
- Novakovići
- Hot
- Otovići
- Hotovići
- Olevići
- Pajići
- Petrovići
- Piletići
- Popovići
- Pulevići
- Radevići
- Radonjići
- Radovanovići
- Radunovići*
- Rajkovići
- Ravnolazni*
- Ristovići
- Savovići
- Simovići
- Stanići*
- Stojanovići
- Todorovići
- Šćepanovići
- Šušovići
- Vučinići
- Vujovići*
- Vukanovići
- Vukotići
- Vukovići
- Vuletići*
- Vuljevići*
- Vulikići
- Vušutovići*
- Ćetkovići
- Ćosići
People descending from the Piperi tribe
- Savić Radojev Božović, Montenegrin hero
- Petar Božović, famous Serbian actor
- Miodrag Božović, Montenegrin former footballer and coach
- Bojan Božović, Montenegrin footballer
- Jevrem Brković, Montenegrin writer
- Balša Brković, Montenegrin writer, son of Jevrem
- Arso Jovanović, Yugoslav Partisan commander during World War II
- Blažo Jovanović, Yugoslav communist and president of Montenegro
- Radosav Ljumovic, poet and writer
- Savić Marković Štedimlija, pro-Croatian Montenegrin ideologist and Ustasha regime collaborator
- Vukašin Marković, Montenegrin communist
- Jole Piletić, Montenegrin chieftain
- Uzun-Mirko Apostolovic, hero of first and second Serbian uprising
- Predrag Piper, Serbian Slavicist
- Vukić Pulević, Montenegrin biologist and university professor
- Branka Šćepanović, folk singer
- Milutin Vučinić, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Montenegro in Exile
- Boro Vučinić, Montenegrin politician and former defense minister
- Janko B. Vucinic, poet and writer for childrens
See also
- Stephen of Piperi, Serbian saint
- Piperi, a settlement in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vujovic 1987, p. 172
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Vesović, 1935
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cemović, 1993
- ↑ Bolizza, 1614
- ↑ Ranke 1853, p. 422
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Miller, p. 142
- ↑ Miller, p. 144
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Miller, p. 218
- ↑ Zlatar, p. 465
- ↑ Zlatar, p. 575
- ↑ Banač 1988, p. 285
- ↑ Banac 1992, p. 14: "Posebno je zanimljivo da su se i »zelenaši«,...., nacionalno smatrali Srbima" [it is especially interesting that Zelenaši also ... declared themselves as Serbs]
- ↑ Banac 1988, With Stalin against Tito, p. 171
References
- Erdeljanović, Jovan. "Kuči, Bratonožići, Piperi". 1981. Belgrade: Slovo Ljubve, 1981. p. 244
- Zlatar, Zdenko. "The poetics of Slavdom: the mythopoeic foundations of Yugoslavia", Volume 2
- William Miller, "The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927"
- Leopold von Ranke, Cyprien Robert, "The history of Servia, and the Servian revolution: With a sketch of the insurrection in Bosnia", H. G. Bohn, 1853, p. 422
- R-J. V. Vesović, 1935, "Pljeme Vasojevići", Državna Štampa u Sarajevu, Sarajevo
- M. P. Cemović, 1993, "Vasojevići" (IInd edn), Izdavacki cavjet Zavicajnog udruzenja Vasojevicia, Beograd
- Mariano Bolizza, report and description of the sanjak of Shkodra (1614)
- Banač, Ivo (March 1988). The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9493-2.
- Banac, Ivo (1992), Protiv straha : članci, izjave i javni nastupi, 1987-1992 (in Croatian), Zagreb: Slon, OCLC 29027519
- Banac, Ivo (1988). With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist splits in Yugoslav Communism. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-2186-0.
- Dimitrije-Dimo Vujovic, Prilozi izucavanju crnogorskog nacionalnog pitanja /The Research of the Montenegrin Nationality/ (Niksic: Univerzitetska rijec, 1987), p. 172.