Picea abies

Picea abies
Norway spruce
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Picea
Species:	P. abies
Binomial name
Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
Range
Synonyms
Picea excelsa Link (nom. illeg.) and see text

Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a species of spruce native to Europe. It is also commonly referred to as the European spruce.

Description

Norway spruce shoot.

Cross-section of a Norway spruce needle

A pineapple gall 'pseudocone' caused by Adelges abietis on a Norway spruce.

Dissected pineapple 'pseudocone' galls.

It is a large, fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree growing 35–55 m (115–180 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of 1 to 1.5 m. It can grow fast when young, up to 1 m (3 ft) per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over 20 m (66 ft) tall.^[1] The shoots are orange-brown and glabrous (hairless). The leaves are needle-like, 12–24 mm long, quadrangular in cross-section (not flattened), and dark green on all four sides with inconspicuous stomatal lines. The cones are 9–17 cm long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 4–5 mm long, with a pale brown 15 mm wing.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

The tallest measured Norway spruce, 63 m (207 ft) tall, is in Perucica Virgin Forest, Sutjeska National Park, Bosnia-Herzegovina.^{[citation needed]}

Variation

Populations in southeast Europe tend to have on average longer cones with more pointed scales; these are sometimes distinguished as Picea abies var. acuminata (Beck) Dallim. & A.B. Jacks., but there is extensive overlap in variation with trees from other parts of the range.^[2][3][4]

Some botanists treat Siberian spruce as a subspecies of Norway spruce, though in their typical forms, they are very distinct, the Siberian spruce having cones only 5–10 cm long, with smoothly rounded scales, and pubescent (hairy) shoots.^[2][3][4] Genetically Norway and Siberian spruces have turned out to be extremely similar and may be considered as two closely related subspecies of P. abies.^[7]

Another spruce with smoothly rounded cone scales and hairy shoots occurs rarely in the central Alps in eastern Switzerland. It is also distinct in having thicker, blue-green leaves. Many texts treat this as a variant of Norway spruce, but it is as distinct as many other spruces, and appears to be more closely related to Siberian spruce (Picea obovata), Schrenk's spruce (Picea schrenkiana) from central Asia and Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana) in the Himalaya. Treated as a distinct species, it takes the name Alpine spruce (Picea alpestris (Brügger) Stein). As with Siberian spruce, it hybridises extensively with Norway spruce; pure specimens are rare. Hybrids are commonly known as Norwegian spruce, which should not be confused with the pure species Norway spruce.^[2][3][4]

Range

Norway spruce grows throughout Europe from Norway in the northwest and Poland eastward, and also in the mountains of central Europe, southwest to the western end of the Alps, and southeast in the Carpathians and Balkans to the extreme north of Greece. The northern limit is in the arctic, just north of 70°N in Norway. Its eastern limit in Russia is hard to define, due to extensive hybridisation and intergradation with the Siberian spruce, but is usually given as the Ural Mountains. However, trees showing some Siberian spruce characters extend as far west as much of northern Finland, with a few records in northeast Norway. The hybrid is known as Picea × fennica (or P. abies subsp. fennica, if the two taxa are considered subspecies), and can be distinguished by a tendency towards having hairy shoots and cones with smoothly rounded scales.^[2][3][4]

Cultivation

The Norway spruce is one of the most widely planted spruces, both in and outside of its native range, and one of the most economically important coniferous species in Europe.^[8] It is used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. It is also widely planted for use as a Christmas tree. Every Christmas, the Norwegian capital city, Oslo, provides the cities of New York, London (the Trafalgar Square Christmas tree), Edinburgh and Washington D.C. with a Norway spruce, which is placed at the most central square of each city. This is mainly a sign of gratitude for the aid these countries gave during the Second World War.

In North America, Norway spruce is widely planted, specifically in the northeastern, Pacific Coast, and Rocky Mountain states, as well as in southeastern Canada. It is naturalised in some parts of North America, though not so extensively as to be considered invasive. There are naturalised populations occurring from Connecticut to Michigan, and it is probable that they occur elsewhere.^[8] Norway spruces are more tolerant of hot, humid weather than many conifers which do not thrive except in cool-summer areas.

The Norway spruce tolerates acidic soils well, but does not do well on dry or deficient soils. From 1928 until the 1960s it was planted on surface mine spoils in Indiana.^[8]

Cultivars

Several cultivars have been selected for garden use; they are occasionally traded under the obsolete scientific name Picea excelsa (an illegitimate name). The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

• 'Little gem'^[9]
• 'Nidiformis'^[10]

Other uses

It is used in forestry for timber and paper production.

The Norway spruce is the source of spruce beer, which was once used to prevent and even cure scurvy.^[11]

It is esteemed as a source of tonewood by stringed-instrument makers.^[12]

Picea abies shoot tips have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as syrup or tea) and externally (as baths, for inhalation, as ointments, as resin application or as tea) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, gastrointestinal tract and infections.^[13]

Ecology

See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on spruces

Norway spruce cone scales are used as food by the caterpillars of the tortrix moth Cydia illutana, while C. duplicana feeds on the bark around injuries or canker.

Genetics

The Norway spruce genome was sequenced in 2013, the first gymnosperm genome to be completely sequenced.^[14] The genome contains approximately 20 billion base pairs and is about six times the size of the human genome, despite possessing a similar number of genes. A large proportion of the spruce genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences, including long terminal repeat transposable elements. Despite recent advances in massively parallel DNA sequencing, the assembly of such a large and repetitive genome is a particularly challenging task, mainly from a computational perspective.^[15]

World's "oldest clone"

A press release from Umeå University says that a Norway spruce clone named Old Tjikko, carbon dated as 9,550 years old, is the "oldest living tree".^[16]

However, Pando, a stand of 47,000 Quaking Aspen clones, is estimated to be between 80,000 and one million years old.^[17][18][19]

The stress is on the difference between the singular "oldest tree" and the multiple "oldest trees", and between "oldest clone" and "oldest non-clone". The oldest known individual tree (that has not taken advantage of vegetative cloning) is a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine over 5,000 years old (germination in 3051 BC).^[20]

Chemistry

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside, picein, piceatannol and its glucoside (astringin), isorhapontin (the isorhapontigenin glucoside), catechin and ferulic acid are phenolic compounds found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces.^[21] Piceol^[22] and astringin^[23] are also found in P. abies.

Synonyms

• Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Deut. Fl. 324. 1881.^[24]
  • Pinus abies L., Sp. pl. 2:1002. 1753.^[25]
  • Pinus viminalis Sparrm. ex Alstr., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 38:310, t. 8-9. 1777.^[26]
  • Pinus excelsa Lam., Fl. franç. 2:202. 1779 ^[27][illegitimate because superfluous, listed as synonym of Pinus abies]
  • Picea excelsa Link, Linnaea 15:517. 1842.^[28]
  • Picea excelsa Link var. argenteospica Hesse ex Beissn., Handb. Nadelholzk. 367. 1891 ^[29]
  • Picea excelsa Link var. pyramidata Carrière, Traité gén. conif. 247. 1855.^[30]
  • Picea excelsa Link forma veitchii Hornibr., Dwarf conif. 97. 1923.^[31]
  • Abies excelsa (Lam.) Poir. var. columnaris Jacques, Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris 44:653. 1853.^[32]
  • Abies excelsa (Lam.) Poir. var. finedonensis Paul ex Gordon, Pinetum suppl. 4. 1862.^[33]
  • Abies excelsa (Lam.) Poir. var. gregoryana Paul ex Gordon, Pinetum suppl. 4. 1862.
  • Abies excelsa (Lam.) Poir. var. inversa Sm. ex Gordon, Pinetum suppl. 4. 1862.
  • Abies excelsa (Lam.) Poir. var. pygmaea Loudon, Arbor. frutic. brit. 4:2295. 1838.^[34]
  • Abies excelsa (Lam.) Poir. var. virgata Jacques, Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris 44:653. 1853.

Gallery

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Picea abies.

External links

• Spruce Genome Project at Congenie.org