Philipp Bouhler

Philipp Bouhler
Bouhler as a SS-Obergruppenführer in 1936
Deputy manager of the NSDAP
In office September 1922 – November 1925
NSDAP-Business Manager (Geschaftsführer)
In office 1925 – November 1934
Reichsleiter
In office June 1933 – 8 May 1945
Chief of NSDAP Censorship in the Reichsleitung
In office October 1936 – 8 May 1945
Chief of the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP
In office 17 November 1934 – 8 May 1945
Chief of the Aktion T4 program
In office 1939–1941
Personal details
Born	(1899-09-11)11 September 1899 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Died	19 May 1945(1945-05-19) (aged 45) Altaussee, Austria
Nationality	German
Political party	National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
Spouse(s)	Helene "Heli" Majer

Philipp Bouhler (11 September 1899 – 19 May 1945) was a senior Nazi Party official who was both a Reichsleiter (English: National Leader) and Chief of the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP. He was also an SS-Obergruppenführer in the Allgemeine SS who was responsible for the Nazi Aktion T4 euthanasia program that killed more than 70,000 handicapped adults and children in Nazi Germany.

Bouhler was captured and arrested on 10 May 1945 by American troops. He committed suicide on 19 May 1945 while in the U.S. internment camp at Zell am See in Austria on the way to Dachau.^[1]

Early life

Bouhler was born in Munich, to a retired colonel, and spent five years in the Royal Bavarian Cadet Corps. He took part in the First World War and was badly wounded. From 1919 to 1920, he studied philosophy^[2] for four semesters and in 1921 became a contributor in the publishing house that put out the newspaper Völkischer Beobachter.

Nazi functionary

Hitler meeting Bouhler, Munich 1938

Rudolf Heß, Heinrich Himmler, Bouhler, Fritz Todt and Reinhard Heydrich (from left), listening to Konrad Meyer at a Generalplan Ost exhibition, 20 March 1941

He joined the NSDAP in July 1922 with membership number 12. By autumn 1922 he had become deputy manager of the NSDAP. After the failed Beerhall Putsch in Munich and the subsequent refounding of the party in 1925, he became Reich Secretary of the NSDAP. After the seizure of power in 1933, he became a Reich Leader and Member of the Reichstag for Westphalia. He joined the SS on 20 April 1933 with membership number: 54,932.^[3]

In 1934, Bouhler became police chairman of Munich, and only a month later, he was appointed chief of Adolf Hitler's Chancellery, a post specially created on 17 November 1934 that was first and foremost set aside for party business. He held that position until 23 April 1945.^[4] In this job, for instance, secret decrees might be prepared, or internal business managed, before being brought before Adolf Hitler. Moreover, Bouhler was chairman of the "Official Party Inspection Commission for the Protection of National Socialist Literature" (Der Chef der Kanzlei des Führers und Vorsitzender der Parteiamtlichen Prüfungskommission zum Schutze des NS-Schrifttums), which determined what writings were and were not suitable for Nazi society.^[2]

Bouhler's office was responsible for all correspondences for Hitler which included private and internal communications as well as responding to public inquiries (for example, requests for material help, godfathership, jobs, clemency, NSDAP business and birthday wishes). By 1944, much of the functions of the Kanzlei des Führers were absorbed by the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) under Martin Bormann.^[5]

War crimes

Bouhler was also responsible for activities involving the killing of disabled German citizens. Together with Karl Brandt, he developed the Nazis' early euthanasia program, Aktion T4 in which mentally ill and physically handicapped people were murdered.^[6] The actual implementation was supervised by Bouhler. Various methods of killing were tried out. The first killing facility was Schloss Hartheim in Upper Austria. The knowledge gained from the euthanasia program was later applied to the industrialized annihilation of other groups of people, such as Jewish people.^[7]

In 1942, Bouhler published the book, "Napoleon – Kometenbahn eines Genies" (Napoleon – A Genius's Cometary Path), which became a favorite of Hitler's. He had also published a National Socialist publication Kampf um Deutschland (Fight for Germany) in 1938.

Death

Bouhler and his wife, Helene, were arrested by American troops at Schloss Fischhorn in Bruck near Zell-am-See on 10 May 1945. Thereafter, both committed suicide. His wife jumped from a window at Schloss Fischhorn. On 19 May 1945, Bouhler used a cyanide capsule while in the US internment camp at Zell-am-See near Dachau. The couple had no children.^[8]

Awards and Nazi Party decorations

This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the German Wikipedia.

• Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) 1914
• Wound Badge (World War I) in Black
• Military Merit, 4th class (Bavaria)
• Blood Order
• Golden Party Badge
• War Merit Cross (Kriegsverdienstkreuz) 2nd and 1st Class
• NSDAP Long Service Award in bronze, silver and gold
• SS Honour Ring
• SS Honour Sword^[9]
• Honour Chevron for the Old Guard

See also

• Action Reinhard
• Action T4
• Action 14f13
• Glossary of Nazi Germany
• List of Nazi Party leaders and officials

References

Further reading

• Philipp Bouhler papers, 1933-1934, Princeton University

External links

• Phillipp Bouhler Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
• Adolf Hitler: A Short Sketch of His Life by Bouhler