Phenylpropanoids metabolism

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The metabolic pathway of phenylpropanoids involves a number of enzymes.

Biosynthesis

Shikimate pathway

The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, and plants for the biosythesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).

Cinnamic and p-coumaric acids biosynthesis

In plants, the biosynthesis of all phenylpropanoids begins with the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a.k.a phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase) is an enzyme responsible for the transformation of L-phenylalanine or tyrosine into trans-cinnamic acid or p-coumaric acid respectively and ammonia.

Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase) is the enzyme responsible for the transformation of trans-cinnamate into 4-hydroxycinnamate (p-coumaric acid). 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase is the enzyme responsible for the transformation of 4-coumarate (p-coumaric acid) into 4-coumaroyl-CoA.[1]

Other hydroxycinnamic acids biosynthesis

Conjugation enzymes

Glucosidases

Stilbenoids biosynthesis

An alternative bacterial ketosynthase-directed stibenoids biosynthesis pathway exists in Photorhabdus bacterial symbionts of Heterorhabditis nematodes, producing 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene for antibiotic purposes.[2]

Coumarins biosynthesis

Chalcones biosynthesis

4-Coumaroyl-CoA can be combined with malonyl-CoA to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called chalconoids, which contain two phenyl rings. Naringenin-chalcone synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3 malonyl-CoA + 4-coumaroyl-CoA → 4 CoA + naringenin chalcone + 3 CO2.

Flavonoids biosynthesis

Conjugate ring-closure of chalcones results in the familiar form of flavonoids, the three-ringed structure of a flavone.

Biodegradation

Hydroxycinnamic acids degradation


References

  1. Ververidis Filippos, F; Trantas Emmanouil, Douglas Carl, Vollmer Guenter, Kretzschmar Georg, Panopoulos Nickolas (October 2007). "Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health". Biotechnology Journal 2 (10): 1214. doi:10.1002/biot.200700084. PMID 17935117. 
  2. Joyce SA, Brachmann AO, Glazer I, Lango L, Schwär G, Clarke DJ, Bode HB (2008). "Bacterial biosynthesis of a multipotent stilbene". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 47 (10): 1942–5. doi:10.1002/anie.200705148. PMID 18236486. 
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