Phellodendron amurense

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Phellodendron
Phellodendron amurense
Morton Arboretum acc. 568-27*3
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Phellodendron
Species: P. amurense
Binomial name
Phellodendron amurense
Rupr.[1]

Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is a species of tree in the family Rutaceae, commonly called the Amur cork tree. It is a major source of huáng bò (Chinese: 黄柏 or 黄檗), one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. The Ainu people used this plant, called shikerebe-ni, as a painkiller.[2]

Native to eastern Asia; northern China, Manchuria, Korea, Ussuri, Amur, and Japan, the Amur cork tree is considered invasive in many parts of North America. The State of Massachusetts lists it as a noxious weed.[3]

Autumn Foliage and Fruit

Medicinal use

Plant as used in Chinese herbology (crude medicine)

It has been used as a Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of meningitis, bacillary dysentery, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and liver cirrhosis.[4][5]

Used orally to treat abdominal pain, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections. Berberine has been shown to be effective for the treatment of bacterially-induced diarrhoea and ocular trachoma. and cutaneous leishmaniasis[6] Phellodendron amurense may protect cartilage against osteoarthritis progression.[7] It may prove to be a potentially important chemopreventive agent for lung cancer.[8]

Phellodendron amurense is able to inhibit prostatic contractility suggesting that it may be useful in the treatment of urological disorders caused by prostatic urethral obstruction such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).[9] Nexrutine (bark extract from Phellodendron amurense) may have potential to prevent prostate tumor development.[10]

Proprietary extracts of Magnolia officinalis and Phellodendron amurense may help overweight/obese people.[11]

Compounds in the leaves (quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactoside and kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside) demonstrated significant free radical scavenging activity comparable to vitamin E.[12]

Chemistry

Essential oils:[13]

Amurensin, a tert-amyl alcohol derivative of kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, can be found in P. amurense.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Phellodendron amurense information from NPGS/GRIN". Retrieved 2008-02-11. 
  2. ↑ Batchelor, John; Miyabe, Kingo (1893). "Ainu economic plants". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (R. Meiklejohn & Co) 51: 198–240. 
  3. ↑ Bruce Marlin: Phellodendron amurense
  4. ↑ Hsu, K. J. Chinese Traditional Medicine; Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Publication Co.:  Beijing, 1996; p 802.
  5. ↑ (3) Gray, A. I.; Bhandari, P.; Waterman, P. G. Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 1805−1808.
  6. ↑ WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16713e/s16713e.pdf#page=252
  7. ↑ Kim J.-H., Huh J.-E., Baek Y.-H., Lee J.-D., Choi D.-Y., Park D.-S."Effect of Phellodendron amurense in protecting human osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 134 (2) (pp 234-242), 2011
  8. ↑ James M.A., Fu H., Liu Y., Chen D., You M. "Dietary administration of berberine or Phellodendron amurense extract inhibits cell cycle progression and lung tumorigenesis." Molecular Carcinogenesis. 50 (1) (pp 1-7), 2011.
  9. ↑ Xu Y., Ventura S. "Extracts of bark from the traditional Chinese herb Phellodendron amurense inhibit contractility of the isolated rat prostate gland."Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (1) (pp 196-199), 2010.
  10. ↑ Ghosh R., Graham H., Rivas P., Tan X.J., Crosby K., Bhaskaran S., Schoolfield J., Banu J., Fernandes G., Yeh I.-T., Kumar A.P.,"Phellodendron amurense bark extract prevents progression of prostate tumors in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate: Potential for prostate cancer management". Anticancer Research. 30 (3) (pp 857-866), 2010
  11. ↑ Garrison R., Chambliss W.G."Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on weight management: A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 12 (1) (pp 50-54), 2006
  12. ↑ Leu C.-H., Li C.-Y., Yao X., Wu T.-S."Constituents from the leaves of Phellodendron amurense and their antioxidant activity." Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 54 (9) (pp 1308-1311), 2006.
  13. ↑ Lis A., Boczek E., Gora J. (2004). "Chemical composition of the essential oils from fruits, leaves and flowers of the Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.)". Flavour and Fragrance Journal 19 (6): 549–553. doi:10.1002/ffj.1349. 
  14. ↑ Masao Hasegawa and Teruo Shirato (1953). "Two New Flavonoid Glycosides from the Leaves of Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75 (22): 5507–5511. doi:10.1021/ja01118a013. 

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