Phasmoconus

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Phasmoconus
Apertural and abapertural views of shell of Phasmoconus andamanensis (E.A. Smith, 1878)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Neogastropoda
Superfamily: Conoidea
Family: Conidae
Genus: Phasmoconus
Mörch, 1852
Type species
Conus radiatus Gmelin, 1791

Phasmoconus is a proposed genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.[1][2] This genus currently (November 2011) is still treated by some experts as an "alternative representation" of this group of species.

When the "alternative representations" are not used, this group of species is instead still placed in the Linnaean genus Conus.

Distinguishing characteristics

The Tucker & Tenorio 2009 taxonomy distinguishes Phasmoconus from Conus in the following ways:[3]

  • Genus Conus sensu stricto Linnaeus, 1758
Shell characters (living and fossil species)
The basic shell shape is conical to elongated conical, has a deep anal notch on the shoulder, a smooth periostracum and a small operculum. The shoulder of the shell is usually nodulose and the protoconch is usually multispiral. Markings often include the presence of tents except for black or white color variants, with the absence of spiral lines of minute tents and textile bars.
Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
The radula has an elongated anterior section with serrations and a large exposed terminating cusp, a non-obvious waist, blade is either small or absent and has a short barb, and lacks a basal spur.
Geographical distribution
These species are found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Feeding habits
These species eat other gastropods including cones.[3]
  • Genus Phasmoconus Mörch, 1852
Shell characters (living and fossil species)
The shell is elongated and subcylindrical in shape with angulate shoulders. The protoconch is usually multispiral, but rarely paucispiral. The anal notch is shallow, and an anterior notch is either slight or absent. The periostracum is smooth, and the operculum is small.
Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
The anterior section of the radular tooth is approximately the same length as the posterior section but in some species one section may be longer than the other. The blade extends less than one-half the length of the anterior section of the radular tooth. A basal spur is absent, and the barb is short. The waist is obvious, and there is an elongated terminating cusp. There is a short row of serrations between the barb and accessory process.
Geographical distribution
The species in this genus occur in the Indo-Pacific and Australian regions.
Feeding habits
These species are piscivorous, meaning that these cone snails prey on fish.[3]

Species list

This list of species is based on the information in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) list. Species within the genus Phasmoconus include:[1]

  • Phasmoconus alexandrei Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012
  • Phasmoconus goudeyi Monnier & Limpalaër, 2012
  • Phasmoconus niederhoeferi Monnier, Limpalaër & Lorenz, 2012
  • Phasmoconus sogodensis Poppe, Monnier & Tagaro, 2012

The following species names are recognized as "alternate representations" (see full explanation below) in contrast to the traditional system, which uses the genus Conus for all species in the family:[1]

  • Phasmoconus alabaster (Reeve, 1849) is equivalent to Conus alabaster Reeve, 1849
  • Phasmoconus andamanensis (E.A. Smith, 1878) is equivalent to Conus andamanensis E. A. Smith, 1879
  • Phasmoconus angioiorum (Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992) is equivalent to Conus angioiorum Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992
  • Phasmoconus asiaticus (da Motta, 1985) is equivalent to Conus asiaticus da Motta, 1985
  • Phasmoconus cinereus (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) is equivalent to Conus cinereus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  • Phasmoconus collisus (Reeve, 1849) is equivalent to Conus collisus Reeve, 1849
  • Phasmoconus dampierensis (Coomans & Filmer, 1985) is equivalent to Conus dampierensis Coomans & Filmer, 1985
  • Phasmoconus grangeri (G.B. Sowerby III, 1900) is equivalent to Conus grangeri G. B. Sowerby III, 1900
  • Phasmoconus habui (Lan, 2002) is equivalent to Conus habui Lan, 2002
  • Phasmoconus jickelii (Weinkauff, 1873) is equivalent to Conus jickelii Weinkauff, 1873
  • Phasmoconus kanakinus (Richard, 1983) is equivalent to Conus kanakinus Richard, 1983
  • Phasmoconus leobrerai (da Motta & Martin, 1982) is equivalent to Conus leobrerai da Motta & Martin, 1982
  • Phasmoconus lizardensis (Crosse, 1865) is equivalent to Conus lizardensis Crosse, 1865
  • Phasmoconus merleti (Mayissian, 1974) is equivalent to Conus merleti Mayissian, 1974
  • Phasmoconus mucronatus (Reeve, 1843) is equivalent to Conus mucronatus Reeve, 1843
  • Phasmoconus parius (Reeve, 1844) is equivalent to Conus parius Reeve, 1844
  • Phasmoconus radiatus (Gmelin, 1791) is equivalent to Conus radiatus Gmelin, 1791
  • Phasmoconus rolani (Röckel, 1986) is equivalent to Conus rolani Röckel, 1986
  • Phasmoconus salzmanni G. Raubaudi-Massilia & Rolan, 1997 is equivalent to Conus salzmanni G. Raybaudi-Massilia & Rolán, 1997
  • Phasmoconus scalptus (Reeve, 1843) is equivalent to Conus scalptus Reeve, 1843
  • Phasmoconus sculpturatus (Röckel & da Motta, 1986) is equivalent to Conus sculpturatus Röckel & da Motta, 1986
  • Phasmoconus sertacinctus (Röckel, 1986) is equivalent to Conus sertacinctus Röckel, 1986
  • Phasmoconus solomonensis (Delsaerdt, 1992) is equivalent to Conus solomonensis Delsaerdt, 1992
  • Phasmoconus stramineus (Lamarck, 1810) is equivalent to Conus stramineus Lamarck, 1810
  • Phasmoconus subulatus (Kiener, 1845) is equivalent to Conus subulatus Kiener, 1845
  • Phasmoconus sutanorcum (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008) is equivalent to Conus sutanorcum Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008
  • Phasmoconus vappereaui (Monteiro, 2009)is equivalent to Conus vappereaui Monteiro, 2009
  • Phasmoconus yemenensis (Bondarev, 1997) is equivalent to Conus yemenensis Bondarev, 1997
  • Phasmoconus zapatosensis (Röckel, 1987) is equivalent to Conus zapatosensis Röckel, 1987
  • Phasmoconus zebra (Lamarck, 1810) is equivalent to Conus zebra Lamarck, 1810

Significance of "alternative representation"

Prior to 2009, all species within the family Conidae were placed in one genus, Conus. In 2009 however, J.K. Tucker and M.J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family. Their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails. This classification was based upon shell morphology, radular differences, anatomy, physiology, cladistics, with comparisons to molecular (DNA) studies.[3] Published accounts of genera within the Conidae that include the genus Phasmoconus include J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011).[4]

Testing in order to try to understand the molecular phylogeny of the Conidae was initially begun by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn,[5] and is continuing, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to mDNA testing.

However, in 2011, some experts still prefer to use the traditional classification, where all species are placed in Conus within the single family Conidae: for example, according to the current November 2011 version of the World Register of Marine Species, all species within the family Conidae are in the genus Conus. The binomial names of species in the 82 cone snail genera listed in Tucker & Tenorio 2009 are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species as "alternative representations." [6] Debate within the scientific community regarding this issue continues, and additional molecular phylogeny studies are being carried out in an attempt to clarify the issue.[3][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bouchet, P. (2011). Phasmoconus Mörch, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428966 on 5 June 2012
  2. ↑ Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009), Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, ConchBooks, Hankenheim, Germany, 295 pp.
  4. ↑ Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
  5. ↑ Interview of Professor Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology http://www.seashell-collector.com/articles/interviews/2009-kohn.html
  6. ↑ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14107 Classification: Traditionally, all cone shells have been included in the Linnaean genus Conus. Tucker & Tenorio (2009) have recently proposed an alternative shell- and radula-based classification that recognizes 4 families and 80 genera of cones. In WoRMS, we currently still recognize a single family Conidae (following Puillandre et al. 2011), but Tucker & Tenorio's 80 genera classification is presented as "alternative representation". [P. Bouchet, 14 Aug. 2011]
  7. ↑ C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa, Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135
  8. ↑ P. Bouchet, Yu I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, and N. Puillandre (March 2011), A New Operational Classification of the Conoidea, Journal of Molluscan Studies 77:273-308, at p. 275.
  9. ↑ N. Puillandre, E. Strong, P. Bouchet, M. Boisselier, V. Couloux, & S. Samadi (2009), Identifying gastropod spawn from DNA barcodes: possible but not yet practicable, Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1311-1321.
  10. ↑ P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution. Mollecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.
  11. ↑ S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific? Evolution 62:1618-1634.
  12. ↑ R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.
  13. ↑ T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.
  14. ↑ T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock, Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.
  15. ↑ B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae), Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439.

Further reading

  • Kohn A. A. (1992). Chronological Taxonomy of Conus, 1758-1840". Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
  • Monteiro A. (ed.) (2007). The Cone Collector 1: 1-28.
  • Berschauer D. (2010). Technology and the Fall of the Mono-Generic Family The Cone Collector 15: pp. 51-54
  • Puillandre N., Meyer C.P., Bouchet P., and Olivera B.M. (2011), Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea), Zoologica Scripta 40(4) 350-363.

External links

External identifiers for Phasmoconus
WoRMS 428966
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