Perforant path
| Brain: Perforant path | |
|---|---|
 Diagram of hippocampal regions. DG: Dentate gyrus. Perforant path not labeled, but would arise from the right. | |
| Latin | Tractus perforans |
| NeuroNames | hier-2686 |
In the brain, the perforant pathway provides a connectional route from the entorhinal cortex[1] to all fields of the hippocampal formation, including the dentate gyrus, all CA fields (including CA1),[2] and the subiculum.
Though it arises mainly from entorhinal layers II and III, the perforant path comprises a smaller component that originates in deep layers V and VI. There is a major dichotomy with respect to the laminar origin and related terminal distribution: neurons in layer II (and possibly layer VI) project to the dentate gyrus and CA3, whereas layer III (and possibly layer V) cells project to CA1 and the subiculum via the temporoammonic pathway.[3]
In addition to playing a role in spatial memory learning generally, the temporoammonic branch (TA-CA1) of the perforant path mediates spatial memory consolidation.[4] The temporoammonic pathway has also been implicated in stress-based animal models of Depression (mood).[5]
It may also play a role in temporal lobe seizures.[6]
In rats
In rats, pyramidal and stellate cells in layer II of entorhinal cortex project through the subiculum of the hippocampus, giving rise to the name "perforant pathway". These glutamatergic fibers form a laminar pattern and terminate in the dentate gyrus and cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) region of the hippocampus. Fibers arising in the lateral portions of the entorhinal cortex show enkephalin immunoreactivity, whereas medial portions appear to contain cholecystokinin. Additionally, pyramidal cells in layer III of the entorhinal cortex send topographic projections along the perforant pathway which branch into the subiculum and CA1.
In mice
In mice, the projection to CA1, and the subiculum all come primarily from EC layer III.[citation needed]
According to Suh et al. (2011 Science 334:1415) the projection to CA3 and dentate gyrus in mice is primarily from layer II of entorhinal cortex, and forms a trisynaptic path with hippocampus (dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1), distinguished from the direct (monosynaptic) perforant path from Layer III of entorhinal cortex to CA1 and subiculum.
References
- ↑ Witter MP, Naber PA, van Haeften T, et al. (2000). "Cortico-hippocampal communication by way of parallel parahippocampal-subicular pathways". Hippocampus 10 (4): 398–410. doi:10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:4<398::AID-HIPO6>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10985279.
- ↑ Vago DR, Kesner RP (June 2008). "Disruption of the direct perforant path input to the CA1 subregion of the dorsal hippocampus interferes with spatial working memory and novelty detection". Behav. Brain Res. 189 (2): 273–83. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.01.002. PMC 2421012. PMID 18313770.
- ↑ Witter MP, Naber PA, van Haeften T, Machielsen WCM, Rombouts SARB, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Lopes da Silva FH. 2000. Cortico-Hippocampal Communication by Way of Parallel Parahippocampal-Subicular Pathways. Hippocampus 10:398-410.
- ↑ Remondes M, Schuman EM.Role for a cortical input to hippocampal area CA1 in the consolidation of a long-term memory.Nature. 2004 Oct 7;431(7009):699-703.
- ↑ Kallarackal AJ, Kvarta MD, Cammarata E, Jaberi L, Cai X, Bailey AM, Thompson SM. Chronic Stress Induces a Selective Decrease in AMPA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Excitation at Hippocampal Temporoammonic-CA1 Synapses.J Neurosci. 2013 Oct 2;33(40):15669-15674.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089474
- ↑ Scimemi A, Schorge S, Kullmann DM, Walker MC (February 2006). "Epileptogenesis is associated with enhanced glutamatergic transmission in the perforant path". J. Neurophysiol. 95 (2): 1213–20. doi:10.1152/jn.00680.2005. PMID 16282203.
- Shepherd, GM. The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998.
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