Perciformes

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Perciformes
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Superclass: Osteichthyes
Class: Actinopterygii
Subclass: Neopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Bleeker, 1859
Suborders

many, see text

Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, are the largest order of vertebrates, containing about 40% of all bony fish. Perciformes means "perch-like". They belong to the class of ray-finned fish, and comprise over 10,000 species found in almost all aquatic environments.

The order contains about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates.[1] It is also the most variably sized order of vertebrates, ranging from the 7-mm (1/4-in) Schindleria brevipinguis to the marlins in the Makaira species and the heaviest of bony fish, Mola mola. They first appeared and diversified in the Late Cretaceous.

Among the well-known members of this group are cichlids, California sheephead, sunfish/bluegills, damselfish, bass, and perch.

Characteristics

The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid, although sometimes they are cycloid or otherwise modified.

Taxonomy

Classification is controversial. As traditionally defined, the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Pleuronectiformes. Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World.[1][2][3]

  • Suborder Percoidei
    • Superfamily Percoidea
      • Acropomatidae (temperate ocean-basses)
      • Ambassidae (Asiatic glassfishes)
      • Apogonidae (cardinalfishes)
      • Arripidae (Australasian salmon)
      • Badidae (chameleonfishes)
      • Banjosidae (banjofish)
        Perciformes display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.
      • Bathyclupeidae (deepsea herrings)
      • Bramidae (pomfrets)
      • Caesionidae (fusiliers)
      • Callanthiidae (splendid perches)
      • Carangidae (jacks, pompanos)
      • Caristiidae (manefishes)
      • Centracanthidae (picarels)
      • Centrarchidae (freshwater sunfishes)
      • Centrogenyidae (false scorpionfishes)
      • Centropomidae (snooks)
      • Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes)
      • Coryphaenidae (dolphinfishes)
      • Datnioididae (tigerfishes)
      • Dichistiidae (galjoen fishes)
      • Dinolestidae (long-finned pike)
      • Dinopercidae (cavebass)
      • Drepaneidae (sicklefishes)
      • Echeneidae (remoras)
      • Emmelichthyidae (rovers)
      • Enoplosidae (old wife)
      • Epigonidae (deepwater cardinalfishes)
      • Gerreidae (mojarras)
      • Glaucosomatidae (pearl perches)
      • Grammatidae (basslets)
      • Haemulidae (grunts)
      • Howellidae (oceanic basslets)
      • Inermiidae (bonnetmouths)
      • Kuhliidae (flagtails)
      • Kyphosidae (sea chubs)
      • Lactariidae (false trevallies)
      • Lateolabracidae (Asian seaperches)
      • Latidae (lates, barramundi, Nile perch)
      • Leiognathidae (ponyfishes)
      • Leptobramidae (beachsalmon)
      • Lethrinidae (emperor breams)
      • Lobotidae (tripletails)
      • Lutjanidae (snappers)
      • Malacanthidae (tilefishes)
      • Menidae (moonfish)
      • Monodactylidae (moonyfishes)
      • Moronidae (temperate basses)
      • Mullidae (goatfishes)
      • Nandidae (Asian leaffishes)
      • Nematistiidae (roosterfish)
      • Nemipteridae (threadfin breams)
      • Opistognathidae (jawfishes)
      • Oplegnathidae (knifejaws)
      • Ostracoberycidae (shellskin alfonsinos)
      • Pempheridae (sweepers)
      • Pentacerotidae (armorheads)
      • Percichthyidae (temperate perches)
      • Percidae (perches and darters)
      • Plesiopidae (roundheads)
      • Polycentridae (leaffishes)
      • Polynemidae (threadfins)
      • Polyprionidae (wreckfishes)
      • Pomacanthidae (marine angelfishes)
        Pomacanthus semicirculatus
      • Pomatomidae (bluefish)
      • Priacanthidae (bigeyes)
      • Pseudochromidae (dottybacks)
      • Rachycentridae (cobia)
      • Sciaenidae (drums)
      • Scombropidae (gnomefish)
      • Serranidae (sea basses, groupers and relatives)
      • Sillaginidae (whitings and relatives)
      • Sparidae (sea breams and porgies)
      • Symphysanodontidae (slopefishes)
      • Terapontidae (grunters)
      • Toxotidae (archerfishes)
    • Superfamily Cirrhitoidea
      • Aplodactylidae (marblefishes)
      • Cheilodactylidae (morwongs)
      • Chironemidae (kelpfishes)
      • Cirrhitidae (hawkfishes)
      • Latridae (trumpeters)
    • Superfamily Cepoloidea
      • Cepolidae (bandfishes)
  • Suborder Elassomatoidei
    • Elassomatidae (pygmy sunfishes)
  • Suborder Labroidei
  • Suborder Zoarcoidei
    • Anarhichadidae (wolffishes)
    • Bathymasteridae (ronquils)
    • Cryptacanthodidae (wrymouths)
    • Pholidae (gunnels)
    • Ptilichthyidae (quillfish)
    • Scytalinidae (graveldiver)
    • Stichaeidae (pricklebacks)
    • Zaproridae (prowfish)
    • Zoarcidae (eelpouts)
  • Suborder Notothenioidei (sometimes included in Percoidei)
  • Suborder Trachinoidei
    • Ammodytidae (sand lances)
    • Champsodontidae (crocodile toothfishes)
    • Cheimarrhichthyidae (torrent fish)
    • Chiasmodontidae (snaketooth fishes)
    • Creediidae (sandburrowers)
    • Leptoscopidae (southern sandfishes)
    • Percophidae (duckbills)
    • Pholidichthyidae (convict blennies)
    • Pinguipedidae (sandperches)
    • Trachinidae (weeverfishes)
    • Trichodontidae (sandfishes)
    • Trichonotidae (sanddivers)
    • Uranoscopidae (stargazers)
  • Suborder Blennioidei
    • Blenniidae (combtooth blennies)
    • Chaenopsidae (pike-, tube- and flagblennies)
    • Clinidae (clinids)
    • Dactyloscopidae (sand stargazers)
    • Labrisomidae (labrisomids)
    • Tripterygiidae (threefin blennies)
  • Suborder Icosteoidei
    • Icosteidae (ragfish)
  • Suborder Callionymoidei
  • Suborder Gobioidei
  • Suborder Kurtoidei
    • Kurtidae (nurseryfishes)
  • Suborder Acanthuroidei
  • Suborder Scombrolabracoidei
    • Scombrolabracidae (longfin escolar)
  • Suborder Scombroidei
  • Suborder Stromateoidei
    • Amarsipidae (bagless glassfish)
    • Ariommatidae (ariommatids)
    • Centrolophidae (medusafishes)
    • Nomeidae (driftfishes)
    • Tetragonuridae (squaretails)
    • Stromateidae (butterfishes)
  • Suborder Anabantoidei
    • Anabantidae (climbing gouramies)
    • Osphronemidae (gouramies)
    • Helostomatidae (kissing gourami)
  • Suborder Channoidei
    • Channidae (snakeheads)
  • Suborder Caproidei

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9. 
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). "Perciformes" in FishBase. February 2013 version.
  3. ↑ "ADW: Perciformes". http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 22 May 2013. 

External links

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Extant Actinopterygii orders by subclass
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Neopterygii
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