Peltigerales

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Peltigerales

Peltigera aphthosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Lecanoromycetes
Subclass:	Lecanoromycetidae
Order:	Peltigerales Walt. Watson
Suborders and families
Suborder Collematineae Coccocarpiaceae Collemataceae Pannariaceae Placynthiaceae Suborder Peltigerineae Lobariaceae Nephromataceae Peltigeraceae Massalongia (genus of uncertain family)

Peltigerales is an order of lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The taxonomy of the group has seen numerous changes; it was formerly often treated as a suborder of the order Lecanorales. It currently contains two suborders, seven families and about 45 genera such as Lobaria and Peltigera.

The fungi form lichens in a symbiotic relationship with one or two photosynthetic partners which may be a cyanobacterium such as Nostoc or a green alga such as Coccomyxa. The majority of species contain just a cyanobacterium, a smaller number have both a cyanobacterium and a green alga while only a few species have just a green alga. The thallus of the lichen may be foliose (leafy), subfruticose (somewhat shrubby) or granular-squamulose (scaly). The thallus attaches to a surface by means of small root-like rhizines. In some species, the thallus may vary in appearance depending on whether it contains a cyanobacterium or a green alga. Sometimes these different morphs of a single fungus were formerly thought to be separate species.

The lichens occur worldwide, growing on bark, moss, soil or rocks in humid woodland. The greatest diversity occurs in the Northern Hemisphere although the family Lobariaceae is most diverse in the Southern Hemisphere.

Members of the suborder Peltigerineae produce a wide range of secondary compounds, some of which are useful to humans in medicine and dyeing. Former uses include using Peltigera canina (dog lichen) as a remedy for the bite of a mad dog and Lobaria pulmonaria (tree lungwort) as a remedy for lung diseases because of its supposed resemblance to lung tissue.

References

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Gilbert, Oliver (2000) Lichens, HarperCollins, London.
Hibbett, David S.; Binder, M; Bischoff, JF; Blackwell, M; Cannon, PF; Eriksson, OE; Huhndorf, S; James, T et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research 111 (Pt 5): 509–547. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. |displayauthors= suggested (help)
Lumbsch, H. T.; Huhndorf, S.M. (2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet 13: 1–58.
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Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Kauff, F; Hofstetter, V; Fraker, E; Grube, M; Hafellner, J; Reeb, V; Hodkinson, BP et al. (2006). "New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes". Mycologia 98 (6): 1088–1103. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1088. PMID 17486983. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Taxonomy of the Lichen families

Show all lichen genera

Ascomycota

Arthoniomycetes

Arthoniales	Arthoniaceae Chrysothricaceae Melaspileaceae Roccellaceae

Dothideomycetes

Capnodiales	Capnodiaceae

Dothideales	Dacampiaceae Xanthopyreniaceae

Pleosporales	Melanommataceae Mytilinidiaceae Pleomassariaceae Pleosporaceae

Incertae sedis	Epigloeaceae Arthopyreniaceae Didymosphaeriaceae Lichenotheliaceae Microthyriaceae Mycosphaerellaceae Naetrocymbaceae Parmulariaceae Pseudoperisporiaceae Pyrenotrichaceae Protothelenellaceae

Eurotiomycetes

Chaetothyriomycetidae

Chaetothyriales	Herpotrichiellaceae

Pyrenulales	Monoblastiaceae Pyrenulaceae Requienellaceae Trypetheliaceae

Verrucariales	Adelococcaceae Verrucariaceae

Incertae sedis	Strigulaceae

Incertae sedis

Mycocaliciales	Mycocaliciaceae Sphinctrinaceae

Lecanoromycetes

Acarosporomycetidae

Acarosporales	Acarosporaceae

Lecanoromycetidae

Lecanorales	Anziaceae Arthrorhaphidaceae Biatorellaceae Caliciaceae Candelariaceae Cetradoniaceae Cladoniaceae Crocyniaceae Dactylosporaceae Gypsoplacaceae Haematommataceae Lecanoraceae Lecideaceae Loxosporaceae Megalariaceae Megalosporaceae Mycoblastaceae Ophioparmaceae Parmeliaceae Physciaceae Pilocarpaceae Porpidiaceae Psoraceae Ramalinaceae Rhizocarpaceae Stereocaulaceae Sphaerophoraceae

Peltigerales	Coccocarpiaceae Collemataceae Pannariaceae Lobariaceae Nephromataceae Peltigeraceae Placynthiaceae

Rhizocarpales	Catillariaceae

Teloschistales	Letrouitiaceae Microcaliciaceae Teloschistaceae

Incertae sedis	Brigantiaeaceae Coniocybaceae Fuscideaceae Phlyctidaceae Umbilicariaceae Vezdaeaceae

Ostropomycetidae

Agyriales	Agyriaceae Anamylopsoraceae Schaereriaceae

Gyalectales	Coenogoniaceae Gyalectaceae

Ostropales	Gomphillaceae Graphidaceae Odontotremataceae Solorinellaceae Stictidaceae Thelotremataceae

Pertusariales	Icmadophilaceae Megasporaceae Pertusariaceae

Trichotheliales	Porinaceae

Incertae sedis	Arctomiaceae Hymeneliaceae

Leotiomycetes

Leotiomycetidae

Helotiales	Helotiaceae Hyaloscyphaceae

Incertae sedis	Myxotrichaceae

Lichinomycetes

Lichinales	Gloeoheppiaceae Heppiaceae Lichinaceae Peltulaceae

Sordariomycetes

Hypocreomycetidae

Coronophorales	Nitschkiaceae

Hypocreales	Bionectriaceae Nectriaceae Niessliaceae

Microascales	Microascaceae

Xylariomycetidae

Xylariales	Hyponectriaceae

Incertae sedis

Phyllachorales	Phyllachoraceae

Incertae sedis	Obryzaceae

Incertae sedis

Lahmiales	Lahmiaceae

Incertae sedis	Aspidotheliaceae Mastodiaceae Thelenellaceae Baeomycetaceae Coccotremataceae Thelocarpaceae

Basidiomycota

Basidiomycetes

Agaricomycetidae

Agaricales	Hygrophoraceae Tricholomataceae

Atheliales	Atheliaceae Lepidostromataceae

Boletales	Coniophoraceae

Cantharellales	Clavulinaceae

Tremellomycetidae

Tremellales	Syzygosporaceae Tremellaceae

Urediniomycetes

Atractiellales	Chionosphaeraceae

Uredinales	Pucciniaceae

Incertae sedis	Platygloeaceae

References

Anderson, Heidi L.; Ekman, Stefan (2005). "Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota): a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences". Mycological Research 109 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001625.
CABI Bioscience Databases. Available online at http://www.indexfungorum.org/.
Ertz, Damien; Lawrey, James D.; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Gillevet, Patrick M.; Fischer, Eberhard; Killmann, Dorothee; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2008). "A new lineage of lichenized basidiomycetes inferred from a two-gene phylogeny: The Lepidostromataceae with three species from the tropics". American Journal of Botany 95 (12): 1548–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800232.
Ekman, Stefan; Andersen, Heidi L.; Wedin, Mats (2008). "The limitations of ancestral state reconstruction and the evolution of the ascus in the Lecanorales (lichenized Ascomycota)". Systematic Biology 57 (1): 141–156. doi:10.1080/10635150801910451.

Ekman, Stefan (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of the Bacidiaceae (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota)". Mycological Research 105 (7): 783–797. doi:10.1017/S0953756201004269.
Grube, Martin; Winka, Katarina (2002). "Progress in understanding the evolution and classification of lichenized ascomycetes". Mycologist 16 (2): 67–76. doi:10.1017/S0269-915X(02)00206-9.
Liu, Yajuan J.; Hall, Benjamin D. (2004). "Body plan evolution of ascomycetes, as inferred from an RNA polymerase II phylogeny". PNAS 101 (13): 4507–4512. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400938101.
Schmitt, I.; Yamamoto, Y.; Lumbsch, H. T. (2006). "Phylogeny of Pertusariales (Ascomycotina): Resurrection of Ochrolechiaceae and new circumscription of Megasporaceae". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 753–764.
Staiger, Bettina; Kalb, Klaus; Grube, Martin (2006). "Phylogeny and phenotypic variation in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota)". Mycological Research 110 (7): 765–772. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.05.003.

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