Pearl Hart

Pearl Hart
Born	Pearl Taylor c. 1871 Lindsay, Ontario, Canada
Died	Unknown (after 1928)
Criminal charge	stagecoach robbery Possession of stolen goods
Criminal penalty	5 years (2 served)
Criminal status	Pardoned
Conviction(s)	Interference with U.S. mail

Pearl Hart, née Taylor, (c. 1871 – after 1928) was a Canadian-born outlaw of the American Old West. She committed one of the last recorded stagecoach robberies in the United States; her crime gained notoriety primarily because of her gender. Many details of Hart's life are uncertain with available reports being varied and often contradictory.

Early life

Hart was born as Pearl Taylor in the Canadian village of Lindsay, Ontario. Her parents were both religious and affluent, providing their daughter with the best available education.^[1] At the age of 16, she was enrolled in a boarding school when she became enamored with a young man, named Hart, who has been variously described as a rake, drunkard, and/or gambler. (Different sources list Hart's given name as Brett, Frank, or William.^[2]) The two of them eloped, but Hart soon discovered that her new husband was abusive and left him to return to her mother.^[3]

Pearl Hart attired in women's clothing

Hart reconciled and left her husband several times. During their time together they had two children, a boy and a girl, whom Hart sent to her mother who was then living in Ohio. In 1893, the couple attended The Chicago World's Fair where he worked for a time as a midway barker. She in turn developed a fascination with the cowboy lifestyle while watching Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.^[2] At the end of the Fair, Hart left her husband again bound on a train for Trinidad, Colorado, possibly in the company of a piano player named Dan Bandman.^[4]

Hart described this period of her life thus, "I was only twenty-two years old. I was good-looking, desperate, discouraged, and ready for anything that might come. I do not care to dwell on this period of my life. It is sufficient to say that I went from one city to another until some time later I arrived in Phoenix".^[3] During this time Hart worked as a cook and singer, possibly supplementing her income as a demimondaine.^[4] There are also reports she developed a fondness for cigars, liquor, and morphine during this time.^[2]

A story of this period claims that while in Phoenix, Arizona, Hart ran into her husband. He convinced her to come back to him and move to Tucson. Once the money she had saved ran out, he returned to his abusive ways. The story continues by saying that when the Spanish-American War began he volunteered for military service. Hart then shocked observers by declaring that she hoped he would be killed by the Spanish.^[3] A variation of this story has Bandman instead of her husband leaving Hart for war.^[5]

Life of crime

By early 1898, Hart was in Mammoth, Arizona. Some reports indicate she was working as a cook in a boardinghouse.^[4] Others indicate she was operating a tent brothel near the local mine, even employing a second lady for a time.^[6] While doing well for a time, her financial outlook took a downturn after the mine closed. About this time Hart attested to receiving a message asking her to return home to her seriously ill mother.^[7]

Looking to raise money, Hart and an acquaintance, Joe Boot (name is probably an alias), worked an old mining claim he owned. After finding no gold in the claim the pair decided to rob the Globe to Florence, Arizona stagecoach.^[8]

The robbery occurred on May 30, 1899 at a watering point near Cane Springs Canyon, about 30 miles southeast of Globe.^[7] Hart had cut her hair short and took the highly eccentric act, for a Victorian Era woman, of dressing in men's clothing. Hart was armed with a .38 revolver while Boot had a Colt .45.^[2] One of the last routes in the territory, the run had not been robbed in several years and thus the coach did not have a shotgun messenger.^[7] The pair stopped the coach and Boot held a gun on the robbery victims while Hart took $431.20 and two firearms from the passengers. After returning $1 to each passenger, she then took the driver's revolver. After the robbers had galloped away on their horses, the driver unhitched one of the horses and headed back to town to alert the sheriff.^[9]

Reports of the next few days vary. According to Hart, the pair took a circuitous route designed to lose anyone who followed, while making their future plans.^[3] Others claim the pair became lost and wandered in circles.^[10] Either way, a posse led by Sheriff Truman of Pinal County caught up with the pair on June 5, 1899. Finding both of them asleep, Sheriff Truman reported that Boot surrendered quietly while Hart fought to avoid capture.^[11]

As of 2010 many Old West historians believe Hart committed the last stagecoach robbery, but in fact two unknown men robbed a stagecoach a year later in 1900, just outside of Bisbee, Arizona; the outlaws escaped the law.^{[citation needed]} A final stagecoach robbery occurred in 1916 Nevada when a drifter named Ben Kuhl ambushed and killed the driver of a small horse-driven mail wagon during the Jarbidge Stage Robbery. About $4,000 was stolen, but Kuhl was caught soon after, though the money was never recovered.^[12]

In and out of jail

Following their arrest, Boot was held in Florence, Arizona, while Hart was moved to Tucson, the jail lacking any facilities for a lady.^[13] The novelty of a female stagecoach robber quickly spawned a media frenzy and national reporters soon joined the local press clamoring to interview and photograph Hart.^[8] One article in Cosmopolitan said Hart was "just the opposite of what would be expected of a woman stage robber," though, "when angry or determined, hard lines show about her eyes and mouth."^[2] Locals also became fascinated with her, one local fan giving her a bobcat cub to keep as a pet.^[2]

Hart while incarcerated at Yuma Territorial Prison

The room Hart was held in was not a normal jail cell, but made of lath and plaster.^[6] Taking advantage of the relatively weak building material, and possibly with the aid of an assistant, Hart escaped on October 12, 1899, leaving an 18-inch (46 cm) hole in the wall.^[14] She was recaptured two weeks later near Deming, New Mexico.^[6]

Hart and Boot came to trial for robbing the stagecoach passengers in October 1899. During the trial, Hart made an impassioned plea to the jury, claiming she needed the money to be able to go to her ailing mother. Judge Fletcher M. Doan was shocked and angered by the jury's not guilty finding and scolded the members for failure to perform their duties.^[15] Immediately following the acquittal, the pair were rearrested on the charge of tampering with U.S. mails.^[16] The pair were convicted during their second trial, Boot receiving a sentence of thirty years and Hart a sentence of five years.^[3]

Both Hart and Boot were sent to Yuma Territorial Prison to serve their sentences. Boot became a prison trusty, driving supply wagons to prison chain gangs working outside the walls. One day while driving a wagon he escaped and was never seen again.^[2] At the time of his escape, Boot had completed less than two years of his sentence.^[10]

The attention Hart had received in jail continued once she was imprisoned. The warden, who enjoyed the attention she attracted, provided her with an oversize 8 by 10 feet (2.4 by 3.0 m) mountain-side cell that included a small yard and allowed her to entertain reporters and other guests as well as pose for photographs.^[2][8] Hart in turn used her position as the only female at an all-male facility to her advantage, playing admiring guards and prison trusties off of each other in an effort to improve her situation.^[15]

Hart's release from prison came in the form of a December 1902 pardon from Governor Alexander Brodie.^[5] The reason for this pardon, given on the condition she leave the territory, is unclear. At the time, Hart claimed she was needed in Kansas City to play the lead in a play, written by her sister, about her life of crime.^[17] A later rumor emerged in 1964, following the death of all potentially involved parties, alleging Hart was pardoned because she had become pregnant in a manner which would embarrass the prison.^[3] There is no evidence Hart ever had a third child so this rumor, if true, may indicate a successful ploy upon Hart's behalf.^[2] Upon release from prison, Hart was provided with a train ticket to Kansas City, Missouri.^[15]

Later life

After leaving prison, Hart largely disappeared from public view. She had a short lived show where she reenacted her crime and then spoke about the horrors of Yuma Territorial Prison.^[18] Following this she worked, under an alias, as part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.^[2] In 1904, Hart was running a cigar store in Kansas City where she was arrested for receiving stolen property.^[2] She was acquitted of the charge.^[6]

Accounts of Hart's later life are sketchy and contradictory. One common story has her returning to the jail in Tucson 25 years after her imprisonment to visit the jail cell that once held her.^[6] Likewise, a census taker in 1940 claimed to have discovered Hart living in Arizona under a different name.^[2] Folklore from Gila County claims that Hart returned to Globe and lived there peacefully until her death on December 30, 1955.^[17] Competing claims place her death as late as 1960.^[2]

Popular culture

In addition to being a staple of pulp Western fiction, Hart's exploits have been featured in other venues.^[8] Her adventures are in the early 1900s film Yuma City.^[17] The play Lady With a Gun and the musical The Legend of Pearl Hart are also based upon Hart's story.^[8][19] Additionally, Jane Candia Coleman's book I, Pearl Hart is a historical fiction based upon the life of Hart.

The band Volbeat have also written a song named after Hart on their album Outlaw Gentlemen & Shady Ladies,^[20] about the robbery of the Globe to Florence stagecoach, with mention of the $1 returned to each of the passengers.

References

External links

• "An Arizona Episode". Cosmopolitan 27 (6): 673–7. October 1899.  Hart's account of events leading to the robbery.