Patrick Lennox Tierney

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Patrick Lennox Tierney (born January 28, 1914) is a Japanologist academic in the field of art history, an emeritus professor of the University of Utah, a former Curator of Japanese Art at the Utah Museum of Fine Arts,[1] a former Director of the Pacific Asia Museum, and a former Commissioner of Art and Monuments during the Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952).[2]

In the fall of 2007, the Japanese government acknowledged Tierney's life's work by conferring the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, which represents the third highest of eight classes associated with this award. Accompanying the badge of the Order was a certificate explaining the award as recognition of the extent to which Tierney has "contributed to introducing Japanese fine arts."[3] The efforts of a lifetime have assisted in the propagation of better understanding of traditional Japanese culture in the United States. His visits to Japan every year have cumulatively contributed to exchanges in the art field between the United States and Japan.[2] He turned 100 in January 2014.[4]

Education and academic life

Tierney earned an undergraduate degree in Japanese Art at the University of California, Los Angeles; and he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from Columbia University.[2] He became a Professor in the Art Department at Pasadena City College. Later, he taught at the University of Utah, where he is today included amongst the faculty as an emeritus professor.[2]

Commissioner of Art and Monuments

As Representative Commissioner of Art and Monuments for General Headquarters during the Allied Occupation of Japan, Tierney was responsible for organizing and overseeing the repair and preservation of cultural sites, art, and monuments bombed and destroyed in Japan during the Pacific War.[2] General Douglas MacArthur's staff during the occupation of Japan included a Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA) section. Among those serving with Tierney in Tokyo were Sherman Lee[5] and Laurence Sickman.[6]

After the end of his military service, Tierney stayed in Japan. In addition to engaging in research on Japanese art, he guided American schools in the study of art, which helped promote better understanding of Japanese history and culture amongst American children residing in Japan.[2] In the years which followed the war, Tierney found himself disagreeing with the conventional assessment that MacArthur should be construed as an expert in Japanese culture. Based on his experiences working with MacArthur, Tierney would many years later assess MacArthur as culturally insensitive.[7]

Showa apology rebuffed

Toward the end of the occupation of his nation, Japanese Emperor Hirohito let it be known to SCAP that he was prepared to apologize formally to MacArthur for Japan's actions during World War II—including an apology for the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.[7]

As a staff officer working for the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), Gen. Douglas MacArthur, his was a somewhat unique perspective on the occupation of Japan and on the events which unfolded in SCAP headquarters. His office was on the fifth floor of the Dai-Ichi Insurance Building in Tokyo, the same floor where MacArthur's suite of offices was located. He was there on the day the Emperor came to offer this apology; but when the emperor arrived, MacArthur refused to admit him or acknowledge him.[8] Many years later, Tierney made an effort to explain his understanding of the significance of what he had personally witnessed: "Apology is a very important thing in Japan. With us, we don't apologize unless we get caught with our hand in the cookie jar, but for the Japanese, there is a very strong sense of what an apology means."[7] According to popular historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war."[9]

Japanese art

Across the span of decades, Tierney delved deeply into Japanese art. The University of Utah's Marriott Library today holds close to 75,000 photographs taken by Tierney—all related to the art and architecture of the Far East, Southeast Asia, and especially Japan.[10] He has also donated close to 1500 books related to Japanese art history and Japanese art to the Clark Center for Japanese Art and Culture. This gesture was consistent with a lifetime of contributions towards the development of understanding amongst students and United States citizens towards Japanese art. As one of the pioneers in California engaged in the study of Japanese art, Professor Tierney's achievements in the propagation of Japanese art are notable.[2]

Japanese garden

Tierney was a member of the San Diego Japanese Garden Reconstruction Committee, and is currently serving on the Board of Directors of Japanese Friendship Garden at San Diego.[11] His participation has contributed to the preservation and maintenance of the garden. His involvement has helped introduce the beauty of the Japanese garden to those who visit the Japanese Friendship Garden at San Diego's Balboa Park.[2] As of 2008 he continued to teach Ikebana at the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute in Bountiful, Utah (Spring 2008).[12]

Selected works

Honors

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Honorable Mention — Achievements of U of U Faculty, Staff, and Students," U-News & Views. November 2006.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Consulate General of Japan, Los Angeles: Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (3rd class).
  3. ↑ Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: "2007 Autumn Conferment of Decorations on Foreign Nationals," p. 3.
  4. ↑ Whitehurst, Lindsay (2014-02-02). "Utah professor was a real-life ‘Monuments Man’". The Salt Lake Tribune (MediaNews Group). Retrieved 2014-02-06. 
  5. ↑ Weber, Bruce. "Sherman Lee, Who Led Cleveland Museum, Dies at 90," New York Times. July 11, 2008; Kappes, John. "Sherman Lee, who led the Cleveland Museum of Art to global renown, dead at 90," The Plain Dealer (Cleveland). July 9, 2008.
  6. ↑ Monuments Men Foundation: Monuments Men> Sickman, Maj. Laurence.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "‘MacArthur aide: U.S. must learn from errors". Salt Lake Tribune. 2006-12-07. Retrieved 2012-10-02. 
  8. ↑ Issues which might have been addressed were allowed to remain open, with consequences which have unfolded in the decades which followed. See Lind, Jennifer. "The Perils of Apology: What Japan Shouldn't Learn from Germany," Foreign Affairs. May/June 2009; Ayako Doi, Letter to the editor: "It's Never too Late to Say You're Sorry," Foreign Affairs. September/October 2009.
  9. ↑ Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 545.
  10. ↑ University of Utah: Lennox Tierney Collection, PO479.
  11. ↑ Japanese Friendship Garden: Directors
  12. ↑ Osher Institute: Ikebana, Spring 2008.

References

  • American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas. (1946). Report of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. 10-ISBN 0-06-019314-X; 13-ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
  • Lee, Sherman E. (1997). "My Work in Japan: Arts and Monuments 1946-48," in The Confusion Era: Art and Culture of Japan during the Allied Occupation 1945-52, ed. Mark Sandler. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) [NB. This is a publication of the State Department that serves as a key finding aid because the documents selected for printing include the source file designation.]
    • __________________. (1944). "Interest of the United States in measures for the protection and salvage of artistic and historic monuments in war areas," FRUS. (Vol. II, pp. 1031–1068.
    • __________________. (1945). "Interest of the United States in measures for the protection and salvage of artistic and historic monuments in war areas," FRUS. (Vol. II, pp. 933–957.

External links

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