Path 66

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Map of the route of the Pacific Intertie transmission route and stations
Dual-circuit 500 kV line forming part of the connecting wire to Path 15. This type of line is rare in the United States, but common in places like Hong Kong and China. Many 500 kV lines in the United States are single-circuit.

Path 66 (also called the California Oregon Intertie or abbreviated COI) is the name of several 500 kV power lines that were built by Western Area Power Administration (WAPA), Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E), and PacifiCorp in the early 1970s to 1990s and totally completed (energized) in 1993.[1] It is the northern half of a set of three 500 kV lines that makes up the Pacific AC Intertie which is the AC portion of the California-Oregon Transmission Project linking power grids in the Southwest with the grids in the Pacific Northwest. Also, this is the larger and older of the two segments of the Pacific AC Intertie that WAPA worked on, the other is the Los Banos-Gates third 500 kV wire of Path 15.[2] The set of three 500 kV wires is mostly located in the Modoc Plateau.[3][4]

The route

Path 66 is composed of one segment of WAPA, PG&E and PacifiCorp 500 kV lines. The WAPA line route technically starts at Captain Jack Substation (42° 4' 38.06"N 121° 23' 25.47"W) close to Malin, close to the California-Oregon border, near the Malin Substation, where the other 500 kV lines start (PacifiCorp & PG&E). These substations link to both the Pacificorp and Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) grid in the Pacific Northwest.[3][4][5]

Path 66 - Captain Jack to Olinda

Path 66 consists of the northernmost segment of WAPA's 346 mi (557 km) 500 kV line from Captain Jack substation to Tracy substation in California's Central Valley. Leaving Captain Jack substation, the line first heads southeast as a single-circuit line and runs parallel with the other two 500 kV lines across the Modoc Plateau. It then turns west and climbs in elevation and reaches its highest point near Grizzly Peak at about 6,000 ft (1,830 m).[6] From there, it heads south, spanning over the Stonecoal Valley and the Pit River. Near Round Mountain, it turns southwest and the line is joined by two 230-kV lines as all three lines head into the Sacramento Valley. As the line passes by Cottonwood, it turns west and crosses Interstate 5. Near Olinda, it turns south and enters Olinda substation. Here the line interconnects with transmission lines carrying power from Shasta Dam and Keswick Dam.[3]

Connecting wires to Path 15 - Olinda to Tracy

From Olinda Substation, the WAPA 500 kV continues as a single-circuit line, although the tower structures change (see photos below) to a two-level pylon. The line proceeds south and then southeast along the western edge of the Sacramento Valley. It parallels Interstate 5 (about four miles (6.5 km) to the west) on its way south, although it's barely visible. It also parallels two 230-kV Pacific Gas & Electric lines for much of this segment and another WAPA 230 kV line. There is a series capacitor station near Maxwell in Colusa County to boost the line across the long Olinda-Tracy segment.[3]

The line crosses the two separated PG&E 500-kV lines, near Woodland and Rio Vista. Near Antioch the line turns and runs parallel with the two PG&E 500 kV lines. All three lines cross both the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers on very large pylons. The WAPA line turns away from the PG&E lines and heads for another large substation near Tracy.[3]

Connecting wires to Path 15 - Tracy to intersection with PG&E wire

From Tracy Substation, the line again to a rare, tall, double-circuit 500 kV line suspended by a three-level pylon located in the San Joaquin Valley. The line terminates where it intersects with one of the two PG&E 500 kV lines as the PG&E heads south from the Tesla substation towards Los Banos Substation. The PG&E line that the dual-circuit line intersects used to be a second Los Banos-Tesla power line that was split apart. A PG&E tower was removed, although the foundation for the tower is still visible. New towers were built to accompany the line changes. One circuit turns north back into Tesla Substation, effectively linking the Tracy Substation with the Tesla Substation. The other circuit turns south to head for the Los Banos Substation as a southern extension of the third 500 kV line.[3]

Path 66 - Malin to Round Mountain

The other two 500 kV lines start in the Malin substation to the east of the Captain Jack substation. One circuit of a rare, tall BPA dual-circuit and one single-circuit 500 kV line connect Captain Jack substation with Malin substation. The PG&E and PacifiCorp 500 kV line both head south together across the Modoc Plateau, generally following the lone WAPA line at a distance. The parallel lines then turn southwestward climb to about 5,400 feet (1,645 m),[6] before descending and turning south once again. Both lines enter the Round Mountain substation. This is the terminus of the Path 66 portion of the parallel 500 kV wires.[3]

Substations

Path 66

WAPA line (North to South)

  • Captain Jack
  • Olinda

PG&E and PacifiCorp

  • Malin
  • Round Mountain
Connecting power line

Issues

Power transmission capacity

Path 66 can transmit 4,800 MW of electrical power from north to south. From south to north, the system can transmit only 3,675 MW of power.[4]

Environmental impacts

The northern part of this electrical transmission corridor (including Path 15) is visible from space and Google Earth as lines of bare, treeless ground. This is because the power lines here run through forests of conifer trees which appear dark green-green from space.[3] The land through here has been logged and sometimes clear-cut to create a right-of-way for the power lines because a wildfire could start when an electrical arc occurs between the wires and a tree if they come close enough to each other.[7]

Tower design and differences

This WAPA 500 kV power line, unlike its PG&E counterparts, is triple-bundled, meaning that it has three-wires per phase, whereas the PG&E lines are only double-bundled, or two wires per phase. In addition, the tower's design is strikingly different from the lighter and wider PG&E tower, and the design also changes significantly as one goes from north to south on WAPA's 346 mi (557 km) 500 kV line.[3]

The WAPA line changes design at the Olinda substation from the delta pylon pictured at the Interstate 5 crossing[8][9] to the two-level pylon pictured above. This is because much of the segment between the Olinda and Tracy substations was constructed by upgrading an existing double-circuit 230 kV line.[3][10] The segment of WAPA's 500 kV line from the Sacramento River crossing south to the Tracy Substation has delta pylons like those found on the Captain Jack-Olinda segment, although they are slightly different.[3] This is because south of the Sacramento River crossing, the original 230 kV line paralleled the two PG&E 500 kV lines almost all the way to Tracy Substation. In order to meet separation requirements, a new alignment for the 500 kV line had to be built some distance to the east, with the exception of the San Joaquin River crossing, which utilizes the former 230 kV facilities. This alignment can be seen from Highway 4 and the western part of the San Joaquin River portion of the Sacramento River Delta. A portion of the former 230-kV line south of the Sacramento River remains in service today as part of the 69 kV system that serves the pumping stations on the Contra Costa Canal.[3]

As for the pylons of the PG&E and PacifiCorp Round Mountain-Malin parallel lines, the PG&E line uses the same tower type as the PG&E Table Mountain-Round Mountain 500 kV segment does. The PacifiCorp 500 kV line uses a pylon that looks similar to the pylon used in WAPA's Olinda-Captain Jack segment.[3]

Visual reference

  • WAPA Olinda-Tracy 500 kV transmission line outside of Vacaville It's about to cross Interstate 80.

  • PG&E wires near Tracy.

  • PG&E 500 kV Table Mountain-Vaca Dixon line spanning over the WAPA line (Olinda-Tracy segment).

Problems

Since WAPA's Captain Jack-Olinda 500 kV wire rises to almost 6,000 feet (1,800 m) as the line crosses the rugged mountains near Grizzly Peak,[6] that section of 500 kV line is bedecked with copious amounts of snow during the winter. Despite its location far from the Pacific Ocean, 20 feet (6 m) of snow can accumulate near Grizzly Peak's 6,250 feet (1,905 m)-summit.[10] The extreme snowfall there can cause ice and snow to accumulate on the insulators and the wires and sometimes lead to power outages when the wires snap in these extreme conditions.[11] This high-elevation segment of 500 kV line is also said to be problematic.[10]

Map

  • Map of Path 66 located in the upper section, left of the other two 500 kV lines south of Round Mountain substation

See also

  • California-Oregon Transmission Project

References

  1. ↑ "Pacific Intertie:The California Connection on the Electron Superhighway". Northwest Power Planning Council. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  2. ↑ "Administrator joins Gov. Schwarzenegger to commission Path 15". Western Area Power Administration. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Route descriptions and tower designs are based on Google Earth images.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Paths 61-70. Western Electricity Coordinating Council. 2006 
  5. ↑ "California Transmission Lines". Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates.
  7. ↑ "Trees and Power Lines". Western Area Power Administration. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  8. ↑ "Picture of WAPA's 500 kV line from Interstate 5". WestCoastRoads.com. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  9. ↑ "Picture of WAPA's 500 kV line from Interstate 5". WestCoastRoads.com. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "SN foreman outlines 3 decades of t-line ops". Western Area Power Administration. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  11. ↑ "Calif. snow gets SN crew out to repair line". Western Area Power Administration. Retrieved 2007-09-20.  Unknown parameter |abbr= ignored (help)

External links

Alternating current
High-voltage direct current (HVDC)

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