Parotocinclus
| Parotocinclus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| P. jumbo | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Subfamily: | Hypoptopomatinae |
| Tribe: | Otothyrini |
| Genus: | Parotocinclus C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889 |
| Type species | |
| Otocinclus maculicauda Steindachner, 1877 | |
Parotocinclus is a genus of armored catfishes native to South America.
Taxonomy
By an analysis published in 2005, Parotocinclus is not a monophyletic genus. P. jumbo is not closely related to P. maculicauda, but is positioned, instead, as a basal lineage of the Hypoptopomatinae. Additionally, P. collinsae is not closely related to P. maculicauda, and may be more closely related to Hypoptopoma and four other genera. P. jumbo and P. collinsae may eventually be transferred to new genera.[1] P. bidentatus and P. muriaensis form a monophyletic pair of sister taxa that is more closely related to a subset of species of Parotocinclus (which includes P. maculicauda) than to any other genus of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae.[1]
Species
There are currently 27 recognized species in this genus: [2][3][4]
- Parotocinclus amazonensis Garavello, 1977
- Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares, Lehmann A. & Martins-Pinheiro, 2009
- Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello, 1988
- Parotocinclus bahiensis (A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918)
- Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger & Buckup, 2005
- Parotocinclus britskii Boeseman, 1974
- Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello, 1977
- Parotocinclus cesarpintoi P. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1939
- Parotocinclus collinsae R. E. Schmidt & Ferraris, 1985
- Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello, 1977
- Parotocinclus doceanus (A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918)
- Parotocinclus eppleyi S. A. Schaefer & Provenzano, 1993
- Parotocinclus haroldoi Garavello, 1988
- Parotocinclus jequi Lehmann A., Koech Braun, E. H. L. Pereira & R. E. dos Reis, 2013[3]
- Parotocinclus jimi Garavello, 1977
- Parotocinclus jumbo Britski & Garavello, 2002
- Parotocinclus longirostris Garavello, 1988
- Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877)
- Parotocinclus minutus Garavello, 1977
- Parotocinclus muriaensis Gauger & Buckup, 2005
- Parotocinclus planicauda Britski & Garavello, 2003
- Parotocinclus polyochrus S. A. Schaefer, 1988
- Parotocinclus prata A. C. Ribeiro, A. L. A. Melo & E. H. L. Pereira, 2002
- Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann A. & R. E. dos Reis, 2012[5]
- Parotocinclus seridoensis T. P. A. Ramos, Barros-Neto, Britski & S. M. Q. Lima, 2013[4]
- Parotocinclus spilosoma (Fowler, 1941)
- Parotocinclus spilurus (Fowler, 1941)
Distribution
Parotocinclus species are distributed in the Atlantic coastal drainages of Guyana and Surinam, eastern and southeastern Brazil.[6] Seven species of Parotocinclus are known from Brazilian rivers south of the São Francisco River basin: P. maculicauda (southeastern coastal rivers from Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina States); P. bahiensis (Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia State); P. doceanus (Doce River, Espírito Santo State); P. minutus (Canudos, Bahia State); P. cristatus (Ilhéus, Bahia State); P. jimi (Itagibá, Bahia State); and P. planicauda (Suaçuí Pequeno River, a tributary of the Doce River, flowing near the city of Coroaci, Minas Gerais State).[7]
Description
Most species of Parotocinclus have the caudal peduncle oval in cross section; however, in P. planicauda and P. cristatus, it is quadrangular.[7]
Ecology
It has been found that Characidium species may interact with Parotocinclus maculicauda. The small Characidium will follow grazing P. maculicauda, which release particulate matter dislodged from the catfish's foraging.[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gauger, Marco F. W.; Buckup, Paulo Andreas (2005). "Two new species of Hypoptopomatinae from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin, with comments on the monophyly of Parotocinclus and the Otothyrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 3 (4): 509–518. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252005000400008.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). Species of Parotocinclus in FishBase. October 2013 version.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lehmann A., P., Koech Braun, B., Pereira, E.H.L. & Reis, R.E. (2013) A New Species of the Hypoptopomatinae Catfish Parotocinclus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), from the Headwaters of the Rio Jequitinhonha, Brazil. Copeia, 2013 (3): 435–440.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ramos, T.P.A., Barros-Neto, L.F., Britski, H.A. & Lima, S.M.Q. (2013): Parotocinclus seridoensis, a new hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Piranhas-Açu basin, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11(4):787-796.
- ↑ Lehmann A., P. & Reis, R.E. (2012): A new species of Parotocinclus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3390: 56–64.
- ↑ Schaefer, Scott A. (1988). "A New Species of the Loricariid Genus Parotocinclus from Southern Venezuela (Pisces: Siluroidei)". Copeia (1): 182–188.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Garavello, J. C.; Britski, H. A. (2003). "Parotocinclus planicauda, a New Species of the Subfamily Hypoptopomatinae from Southeastern Brazil (Ostariophysi: Loricariidae)" (PDF). Braz. J. Biol. 63 (2): 253–260. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842003000200010. PMID 14509847.
- ↑ Leitao, Rafael P.; Caramaschi, Érica P.; Zuanon, Jansen (2007). "Following food clouds: feeding association between a minute loricariid and a characidiin species in an Atlantic Forest stream, Southeastern Brazil". Neotrop. Ichthyol. 5 (3): 307–310. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252007000300011.