Paris–Brest–Paris

Paris-Brest-Paris

Race details
Region	France
Type	One-day race
History
First edition	1891 (1891)
Editions	7 (professional)
Final edition	1951
First winner	Charles Terront (FRA)
Final winner	Maurice Diot (FRA)

Paris–Brest–Paris (PBP) was originally a 1200km bicycle race from Paris to Brest and back to Paris. It is one of the oldest bicycling events still regularly run (the oldest being the Catford CC Hill Climb). The last time it was run as a race was 1951.

In 1931 amateur cyclists were separated from professionals. There are two independent long distance bicycle tours. One is the brevet (also called randonnée), in which cyclists ride individually. The goal is to make it within 90 hours, but with no competition. This is held every four years. The other is an audax where cyclists ride in a group, held every five years. So in 1931 there were three independent cycling events, sharing the same route.

The audax is organised by the Union des Audax Françaises, while the brevet is organised by the Audax Club Parisien.

The brevet

As in all brevet events, there is emphasis on self-sufficiency. Riders buy supplies anywhere along the course, but support by motorized vehicles is prohibited except at checkpoints. There is a 90-hour limit and the clock runs continuously. Many riders sleep as little as possible, sometimes catching a few minutes beside the road before continuing.

Participants must first complete a series of brevets (randonneuring events) within the same calendar year as PBP. The time frame is different for Australia and Oceania, so riders can qualify in summer. A series consists of 200 km, 300 km, 400 km and 600 km. Each can be replaced by a longer ride. Prior to 2007, the qualifying rides had to be completed from shortest to longest.

Where once PBP was contested by a few professionals as a demonstration of the bicycle's potential, today the focus is on the ordinary rider. PBP continues to attract competitive riders. Despite insistence that it isn't a race, PBP offers trophies and prestige to the first finishers.

History

Pierre Giffard of Le Petit Journal staged the first Paris-Brest et retour. Despite changes, Paris–Brest–Paris continues to this day as the oldest long-distance cycling road event.

1891

In an era when diamond safety frames and pneumatic tires were taking over from high-wheelers with solid rubber tires, Paris-Brest was an "épreuve," a test of the bicycle's reliability. Giffard promoted the event through editorials signed "Jean-sans-Terre." He wrote of self-sufficient riders carrying their own food and clothing. Riders would ride the same bicycle for the duration. Only Frenchmen were allowed to enter, and 207 participated.

The first (1891) Paris-Brest saw Michelin's Charles Terront and Dunlop's Jiel-Laval contest the lead. Terront prevailed, passing Jiel-Laval as he slept during the third night, to finish in 71 hours 22 minutes. Both had flats that took an hour to repair but enjoyed an advantage over riders on solid tires. Ultimately, 99 of the 207 finished.^[1][2][3]

The race was a coup for Le Petit Journal, bringing circulation increases. However, the logistics were daunting enough that organizers settled on a ten-year interval between editions.

1891 Quadricycle

Perhaps the most unusual entrant was a petrol-powered Peugeot Type 3 Quadricyle, driven by Auguste Doriot and Louis Rigoulot. In order to publicly prove its reliability and performance Armand Peugeot had persuaded Pierre Giffard to have its progress certified by his network of monitors and marshals, the distance being about three times further than any road vehicle had travelled before. After a 3 day journey from Valentigny to Paris, they started immediately behind the bicycles. They covered 200 kilometres on the first day and 160 km on the second, but then lost 24 hours when a gear failed near Morlaix. After effecting a repair using local resources (a shoemaker's tools) they arrived at Brest after dark where they were received by a large crowd and the local Peugeot bicycle dealer.^[4]

For comparison, by the time Doriot and Rigoulot had reached Brest, Charles Terront and Jiel Laval had already returned to Paris. The next day they set off for Paris.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [Note 1] [Note 2] [Note 3]}

1901

The 1901 Paris-Brest was sponsored not only by Le Petit Journal but L'Auto-Velo, edited by Henri Desgrange. For the first time, professionals were segregated from the "touriste-routier" group (in which a 65-year-old finished in just over 200 hours). The newspapers organized a telegraph system to relay results to their Paris presses, and the public followed the exploits of Maurice Garin, who won in just over 52 hours over 112 other professionals.

So many newspapers were sold that Géo Lefèvre at L'Auto suggested an even bigger race, the Tour de France. Under Henri Desgrange's leadership, the first Tour happened in 1903.

1911

The next Paris-Brest was in 1911 and saw pack riding rather than solo breaks. Five riders stayed together until nearly the last control, Emile Georget finally pulling away from Ernest Paul to finish in 50 hours and 13 minutes.

1921

The 1921 PBP, following World War I, was small, with 43 professionals and 65 touriste-routiers. It was fought between Eugène Christophe and Lucien Mottiat, Mottiat finally prevailing in 55 hours 7 minutes.

1931

In 1931, there was a change in the regulations. Proposed by André Griffe (president of the Union des Audax Cyclistes Parisiens), Desgrange (president of l'Auto) replaced the touriste-routier group by an Audax, where cyclists rode in groups of 10 at an average 20kmh (22.5kmh since 1961).

Many people disliked that change. So Camille Durand (president of the Audax Club Parisien, ACP) organised another PBP at the same time on the same road. Cyclists could ride individually (French allure libre) and there was a limit of 96 hours. 57 participated, among them two women, a tandem with two men, four mixed tandems and a triplet.

The 1931 professional event saw victory by Australian Hubert Opperman with a sprint on the finish velodrome after his long solo breakaway was neutralized just outside Paris. Opperman's finishing time was a record 49 hours 21 minutes, despite constant rain. His diet included 12 pounds of celery, which he thought an important energy source (celery's energy content is minuscule, but it may have been a source of fluid and salt).

WW2

Owing to World War II, the 1941 PBP was postponed to 1948, when L'Equipe sponsored the event. Of 52 pros, Albert Hendrickx proved strongest, winning in a sprint over fellow Belgian François Neuville.

1951

Three years later, the 1951 event saw a record of 38 hours 55 minutes. This is unlikely to fall. It was the last time PBP was raced by professionals and from then on the course used smaller roads and more hills. Maurice Diot set this record. He won a sprint over breakaway companion Eduoard Muller after waiting for Muller to fix a puncture in Trappes, 22 km from the finish.

Amateur event

Though listed on the professional calendar in 1956 and 1961, too few racers signed up to make the event happen. Nonetheless, hundreds of randonneurs turned out. And the randonneur division even featured racing, René Herse-sponsored Roger Baumann winning over Lheuillier in 52 hours 19 minutes.^[6]

PBP was held every five years between 1956 and 1975, with more participants and less media coverage.^[7] From 1948 until the 1980s, the randonneur event included a "Challenge des Constructeurs" for the bicycle maker with the three best-placed riders. René Herse won this "Challenge" every time from 1948 until 1971, and again in 1975. No other builder won the "Challenge" more than once.^[8]

The Belgian former professional Herman de Munck came 5th in 66, first in 71, 75, 79 and 83. He was disqualified in 79, most believe unfairly. De Munck continues to place highly, finishing the 1999 PBP 109th place at the age of 60.

The randonneur Paris–Brest–Paris has always allowed women to participate.^[9] In 1975, Chantal de la Cruz and Nicole Chabriand lowered the women's time to 57 hours. In 1979, Suzy de Carvalho finished in 57h02m.

American Scott Dickson came third in 1979, though at just less than 49 hours he was four hours behind the winners. In 1983 he again came third, this time by only one hour. He won his first PBP in 1987 by breaking away in Brest, aided by a tailwind and a few strong riders from the "touring" group, which that year started many hours before the "racing" group. Dickson also won in 1991 and in 1995.

Susan Notorangelo set a women's record of 54 hours 40 minutes in 1983, but that was obliterated in 1995 when it fell to Brigitte Kerlouet 44 hours 14 minutes. American Melinda Lyon finished as first women 1999 in and 2003. In 2007 the first woman was Christiane Thibault, and in 2011 it was Isabelle Esclangon, both from France.

The 2007 Paris–Brest–Paris was the first poor weather event since 1987. It was the worst weather PBP riders had faced since 1956. 30.2% failed to finish. Normally the rate of non-finishers is around 15%.

Since 1991, the starting and finishing point has been in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 22 km southwest of Paris.

Winners

Although the History of PBP website mentions that half a decade ago PBP started as a race, according to the official PBP website "the organizers strongly feel that PBP is not a race".

This is an extremely important aspect of randonneuring, where "riders aim to complete the course within specified time limits, and receive equal recognition regardless of their finishing order.". So there is no actual "winner" but a "first place finisher"

Professionals

Year	Rider	Team	Time	Second	Third
1891	Charles Terront	Bayonne	71 hours 22 minutes	Pierre Jiel-Laval	Henri Couillibeuf
1901	Maurice Garin	La Française	52 hours plus	Gaston Rivierre	Hippolyte Aucouturier
1911	Émile Georget	Coureur de vitesse	50 hours 13 minutes.	Octave Lapize	Ernest Paul
1921	Louis Mottiat	Coureur de vitesse	55 hours 7 minutes	Eugène Christophe	Émile Masson senior
1931	Hubert Opperman	Alleluia-Wolber	49 hours 21 minutes	Léon Louyet	Giuseppe Pancera
1948	Albert Hendrickx	Independent	41 hours 36 mins 42 secs	François Neuville	Mario Fazio
1951	Maurice Diot	Mercier - Hutchinson	38 hours 55 minutes.	Édouard Muller	Marcel Hendrickx

Amateurs

Year	Rider	Time
1931	Alexis Cottard	68h 30'
1948	Jo Routens	49h 20'
1951	Jo Routens	47h 54'
1956	Jo Routens	50h 29'
1961	Jean Fouace	46h 18'
1966	Robert Demilly	44h 21'
1971	Herman De Munck	45h 39'
1975	Yves Cohen	43h 27'
1979	Pierre Baleydier	44h 01'
1983	Herman De Munck	43h 24'
1987	Scott Dickson	44h 05'
1991	Scott Dickson	43h 42'
1995	Scott Dickson	43h 20'
1999	Philippe Deplaix and Christophe Bocquet	44h 22'
2003	Marc Leuckx and 5 Frenchmen	42h 40'
2007	Michel Mingant	44h 33'
2011	Christophe Bocquet	44h 13'

Pastry

The Paris–Brest, a French dessert made of choux pastry and a praline flavoured cream, with a circular shape representative of a tyre or wheel, was reportedly created in 1891 to commemorate the race.^[10] It became popular with participants, partly because of its energy-giving high caloric value, and is now found in pâtisseries all over France.^[11]

Notes

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris–Brest–Paris.

Other sources

• Official site of Paris–Brest–Paris: http://www.paris-brest-paris.org/
• Paris–Brest–Paris TV. Quasi official web site maintained by the start city Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines  : http://www.parisbrestparis.tv
• The PBP Hub. Eric Fergusson's site focuses on history, photos, stats and links. http://www.randonneurs.bc.ca/pbp/main.html
• Bill Bryant, A Short History of Paris–Brest–Paris, Randonneurs USA . The definitive English language history of PBP http://www.rusa.org/pbphistory.html
• McCray, Phil. 1989. "PBP — 1891 to 1991" Journal of the International Randonneurs
  • This source provided much of the historical background for this article. Available on "The PBP Hub" : http://www.randonneurs.bc.ca/pbp/books-collections/journal-IR-1989/mccray-hist/main.html
• Fleur Whitlock: A Film of the 2003 Paris–Brest–Paris event : http://www.pbp-films.com

Documentary

• Paris Brest Paris, the long ride toward a distant dawn A documentary about Paris Brest Paris.

External links

Official website