Papilio

Papilio is a genus in the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae, as well as the only representative of the tribe Papilionini. The word papilio is Latin for butterfly.^[1]

The genus includes a number of well-known North American species such as the Western Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio rutulus). Familiar species in Asia include the Mormons (Papilio polytes, Papilio polymnestor, Papilio memnon, and Papilio deiphobus), the Orchard and Ulysses Swallowtails in Australia (Papilio aegeus, Papilio ulysses, respectively) and the Citrus Swallowtail of Africa (Papilio demodocus).

Older classifications of the swallowtails tended to use a large number of rather small genera. More recent classifications have been more conservative, and as a result a number of former genera are now absorbed within Papilio. The genus as recognized by modern systems has about 200 members. The genus Chilasa is regarded as a subgenus of Papilio by some workers, as are the Baggy-tailed Swallowtails (Agehana), although the latter taxon is usually considered a subgenus of Chilasa.

Many of the larvae resemble bird droppings during a development stage. Adults are edible to birds and some species are mimics.^[2]

Former genera now merged with Papilio:

• Achillides
• Eleppone
• Druryia
• Heraclides (giant swallowtails)
• Menelaides
• Princeps
• Pterourus (tiger swallowtails)
• Sinoprinceps

Ecology

In their laval form, members of Papilio typically feed upon plants of the Rutaceae including common ornamental and agriculturally important species such as Citrus spp., Murraya spp., Choisya spp. and Calodendrum spp. Caterpillars sequester terpenoids from their diet to produce a foul smelling oil used in defence.

Species

Listed alphabetically within groups.^[3]
Subgenus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758:

• The machaon species-group:
  • Papilio alexanor Esper, 1800 – Southern Swallowtail
  • Papilio brevicauda Saunders, 1869 – Short-tailed Swallowtail
  • Papilio hospiton Géné, 1839 – Corsican Swallowtail
  • Papilio indra Reakirt, 1866 – Indra Swallowtail, Short-tailed Black Swallowtail, or Cliff Swallowtail
  • Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 – Old World Swallowtail, Common Yellow Swallowtail, or Artemisia Swallowtail
  • Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 – Sahara Swallowtail
  • Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775 – Black Swallowtail, Eastern Black Swallowtail, or American Swallowtail
  • Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852 – Anise Swallowtail or Western Swallowtail

Subgenus Princeps Hübner, [1807]:

• The antimachus species-group:
  • Papilio antimachus Drury, 1782 – Antimachus Swallowtail or Giant African Swallowtail

• The zalmoxis species-group:
  • Papilio zalmoxis Hewitson, 1864 – Giant Blue Swallowtail

• The nireus species-group:
  • Papilio aristophontes Oberthür, 1897
  • Papilio nireus Linnaeus, 1758 – Green-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio charopus Westwood, 1843 – Tailed Green-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio chrapkowskii Suffert, 1904 – Broad Green-banded Swallowtail or Chrapkowski's Green-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio chrapkowskoides Storace, 1952 – Broadly Green-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio desmondi van Someren, 1939 – Desmond's Green-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio hornimani Distant, 1879 – Hornimans Green-banded Swallowtail or Horniman's Swallowtail
  • Papilio interjectana Vane-Wright, 1995 – Van Someren's Green-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio sosia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 – Medium Green-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio thuraui Karsch, 1900
  • Papilio ufipa Carcasson, 1961
  • Papilio wilsoni Rothschild, 1926

• The cynorta species-group:
  • Papilio arnoldiana Vane-Wright, 1995
  • Papilio cynorta Fabricius, 1793 – Mimetic Swallowtail
  • Papilio plagiatus Aurivillius, 1898 – Mountain Mimetic Swallowtail

• The dardanus species-group:
  • Papilio dardanus Brown, 1776 – Mocker Swallowtail, Flying Handkerchief, or African Swallowtail
  • Papilio constantinus Ward, 1871 – Constantine's Swallowtail
  • Papilio delalandei Godart, [1824]
  • Papilio phorcas Cramer, [1775] – Apple-green Swallowtail or Green Banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio rex Oberthür, 1886 – Regal Swallowtail

• The zenobia species-group:
  • Papilio cyproeofila Butler, 1868 – Common White-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio fernandus Fruhstorfer, 1903
  • Papilio filaprae Suffert, 1904
  • Papilio gallienus Distant, 1879 – Narrow-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio mechowi Dewitz, 1881
  • Papilio mechowianus Dewitz, 1885
  • Papilio nobicea Suffert, 1904 – Volta Swallowtail
  • Papilio zenobia Fabricius, 1775 – Zenobia Swallowtail

• The demodocus species-group:
  • Papilio demodocus Esper, 1799 – Citrus Swallowtail, Citrus Butterfly, Orange Dog, or Christmas Butterfly
  • Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 – (Common) Lime Swallowtail or Lime Butterfly
  • Papilio erithonioides Grose-Smith, 1891
  • Papilio grosesmithi Rothschild, 1926
  • Papilio morondavana Grose-Smith, 1891 – Madagascan Emperor

• The echerioides species-group:
  • Papilio echerioides Trimen, 1868 – White-Banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio fuelleborni Karsch, 1900
  • Papilio jacksoni Sharpe, 1891 – Jackson's Swallowtail
  • Papilio sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1908 – Kilimanjaro Swallowtail

• The oribazus species-group:
  • Papilio oribazus Boisduval, 1836
  • Papilio epiphorbas Boisduval, 1833
  • Papilio nobilis Rogenhofer, 1891 – Noble Swallowtail

• The hesperus species-group:
  • Papilio hesperus Westwood, 1843 – Emperor Swallowtail
  • Papilio euphranor Trimen, 1868 – Forest Swallowtail or Bush Kite
  • Papilio horribilis Butler, 1874
  • Papilio pelodurus Butler, 1896

• The menestheus species-group:
  • Papilio menestheus Drury, 1773 – Western Emperor Swallowtail
  • Papilio lormieri Distant, 1874 – Central Emperor Swallowtail
  • Papilio ophidicephalus Oberthür, 1878 – Emperor Swallowtail

• The incertae sedis species-group:
  • Papilio andronicus Ward, 1871
  • Papilio chitondensis Bivar de Sousa & Fernandes, 1966
  • Papilio leucotaenia Rothschild, 1908 – Cream-banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio mackinnoni Sharpe, 1891 – MacKinnon's Swallowtail
  • Papilio maesseni Berger, 1974
  • Papilio mangoura Hewitson, 1875 – Mangoura Swallowtail
  • Papilio manlius Fabricius, 1798
  • Papilio microps Storace, 1951
  • Papilio phorbanta Linnaeus, 1771 – Papillon La Pature

• The demolion species-group:
  • Papilio demolion Cramer, [1776] – Banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio liomedon Moore, [1875] – Malabar Banded Swallowtail
  • Papilio gigon C. & R. Felder, 1864
  • Papilio euchenor Guérin-Méneville, 1829

• Ungrouped species:
  • Papilio luzviae Schröder & Treadaway, 1991

• The anactus species-group:
  • Papilio anactus MacLeay, [1826] – Dingy Swallowtail

• The aegeus species-group:
  • Papilio aegeus Donovan, 1805 – Orchard Swallowtail
  • Papilio bridgei Mathew, 1886
  • ?Papilio erskinei Mathew, 1886
  • Papilio gambrisius Cramer, [1777]
  • Papilio inopinatus Butler, 1883
  • Papilio ptolychus Godman & Salvin, 1888
  • Papilio tydeus C. & R. Felder, 1860
  • Papilio weymeri Niepelt, 1914
  • Papilio woodfordi Godman & Salvin, 1888 – Woodford’s Swallowtail

• The godeffroyi species-group:
  • Papilio amynthor Boisduval, 1859 – Norfolk Swallowtail
  • Papilio godeffroyi Semper, 1866 – Godeffroy's Swallowtail
  • Papilio schmeltzi Herrich-Schäffer, 1869

• The polytes species-group:
  • Papilio ambrax Boisduval, 1832 – Ambrax Butterfly
  • Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 – Common Mormon
  • Papilio phestus Guérin-Méneville, 1830

• The castor species-group:
  • Papilio castor Westwood, 1842 – Common Raven
  • Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880 – Malabar Raven
  • Papilio mahadeva Moore, [1879] – Burmese Raven

• The fuscus species-group:
  • Papilio albinus Wallace, 1865
  • Papilio antonio Hewitson, [1875]
  • Papilio diophantus Grose-Smith, 1883
  • Papilio fuscus Goeze, 1779 – Canopus Butterfly
  • Papilio hipponous C. & R. Felder, 1862
  • Papilio jordani Fruhstorfer, 1906 – Jordan's Swallowtail
  • Papilio noblei de Nicéville, [1889]
  • Papilio pitmani Elwes & de Nicéville, [1887]
  • Papilio prexaspes C. & R. Felder, 1865 – Andaman Helen
  • Papilio sakontala Hewitson, 1864

• The helenus species-group:
  • Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758 – Red Helen
  • Papilio iswara White, 1842
  • Papilio iswaroides Fruhstorfer, 1898
  • Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836 – Yellow Helen
  • Papilio nubilus Staudinger, 1895
  • Papilio sataspes C. & R. Felder, 1865

• The memnon species-group:
  • Papilio acheron Grose-Smith, 1887 – Acheron Swallowtail
  • Papilio ascalaphus Boisduval, 1836 – Ascalaphus Swallowtail
  • Papilio deiphobus Linnaeus, 1758
    • Papilio deiphobus rumanzovia Eschscholtz, 1821 – Scarlet Mormon
  • Papilio forbesi Grose-Smith, 1883
  • Papilio lampsacus Boisduval, 1836
  • Papilio lowi Druce, 1873 – Asian Swallowtail or Great Yellow Mormon
  • Papilio mayo Atkinson, 1873 – Andaman Mormon
  • Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758 – Great Mormon
  • Papilio oenomaus Godart, 1819
  • Papilio polymnestor Cramer, [1775] – Blue Mormon

• The protenor species-group:
  • Papilio protenor – Spangle
  • Papilio alcmenor C. & R. Felder, [1864] – Redbreast
  • Papilio macilentus Janson, 1877
  • Papilio taiwanus Rothschild, 1898 – Formosa Swallowtail

• The bootes species-group:
  • Papilio bootes Westwood, 1842 – Tailed Redbreast
  • Papilio elwesi Leech, 1889
  • Papilio maraho Shiraki & Sonan, 1934

Subgenus unnamed:

• The agestor species-group:
  • Papilio agestor Gray, 1831 – Tawny Mime
  • Papilio epycides Hewitson, [1864] – Lesser Mime
  • Papilio slateri Hewitson, 1853 – Blue-striped Mime

• The clytia species-group:
  • Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758 – Common Mime
  • Papilio paradoxa (Zincken, 1831) – Great Mime

• The veiovis species-group:
  • Papilio veiovis Hewitson, [1865]

• The laglaizei species-group:
  • Papilio laglaizei Depuiset, 1877
  • Papilio moerneri Aurivillius, 1919
  • Papilio toboroi Ribbe, 1907

• Unnamed species-group:
• Papilio osmana Jumalon, 1967
• Papilio carolinensis Jumalon, 1967

Subgenus Achillides Hübner, [1819]:

• The paris species-group:
  • Papilio arcturus Westwood, 1842 – Blue Peacock
  • Papilio bianor Cramer, [1777] – Chinese Peacock
  • Papilio dialis Leech, 1893 – Southern Chinese Peacock
  • Papilio doddsi Janet, 1896
  • Papilio hoppo Matsumura, 1908
  • Papilio karna C. & R. Felder, 1864
  • Papilio krishna Moore, 1857 – Krishna Peacock
  • Papilio maackii Ménétriés, 1859
  • Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758 – Paris Peacock
  • Papilio polyctor Boisduval, 1836 – Common Peacock
  • Papilio elephenor Doubleday, 1845 – Yellow-crested Spangle

• The palinurus species-group:
  • Papilio buddha Westwood, 1872 – Malabar Banded Peacock
  • Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793 – Common Banded Peacock
  • Papilio palinurus Fabricius, 1787 – Emerald Swallowtail
  • Papilio blumei Boisduval, 1836 – Peacock or Green Swallowtail

• Unnamed species-group:
  • Papilio anchisiades Esper, 1788 – Ruby-spotted Swallowtail or Red-spotted Swallowtail
  • Papilio chikae Igarashi, 1965 – Luzon Peacock Swallowtail
  • Papilio peranthus Fabricius, 1787
  • Papilio pericles Wallace, 1865
  • Papilio lorquinianus C. & R. Felder, 1865
  • Papilio neumoegeni Honrath, 1890

• The ulysses species-group:
  • Papilio montrouzieri Boisduval, 1859
  • Papilio syfanius Oberthür, 1886
  • Papilio ulysses Linnaeus, 1758 – Ulysses, Mountain Blue, Blue Emperor, or Blue Mountain Swallowtail

Subgenus Heraclides Hübner, [1819]:

• The anchisiades species-group:
  • Papilio chiansiades Westwood, 1872
  • Papilio epenetus Hewitson, 1861
  • Papilio erostratus Westwood, 1847
  • Papilio hyppason Cramer, 1775
  • Papilio isidorus Doubleday, 1846
  • Papilio pelaus Fabricius, 1775
  • Papilio oxynius (Geyer, [1827])
  • Papilio rogeri Boisduval, 1836

• The thoas species-group:
  • Papilio andraemon (Hübner, [1823]) – Bahaman Swallowtail
  • Papilio androgeus Cramer, [1775] – Androgeus Swallowtail, Queen Page, or Queen Swallowtail
  • Papilio aristodemus Esper, 1794 – Schaus' Swallowtail or Island Swallowtail
  • Papilio aristor Godart, 1819 – Scarce Haitian Swallowtail
  • Papilio astyalus Godart, 1819 – Broad-banded Swallowtail or Astyalus Swallowtail
  • Papilio caiguanabus Poey, [1852] – Poey's Black Swallowtail
  • Papilio cresphontes Cramer, [1777] – Giant Swallowtail
  • Papilio homothoas Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
  • Papilio machaonides Esper, 1796
  • Papilio melonius Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
  • Papilio ornythion Boisduval, 1836 – Ornythion Swallowtail
  • Papilio paeon Boisduval, 1836
  • Papilio thersites Fabricius, 1775 – Thersites Swallowtail or False Androgeus Swallowtail
  • Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771 – Thoas Swallowtail or King Swallowtail

• The torquatus species-group:
  • Papilio garleppi Staudinger, 1892 – Garlepp's Swallowtail
  • Papilio hectorides Esper, 1794
  • Papilio himeros Hopffer, 1865 – Himeros Swallowtail
  • Papilio lamarchei Staudinger, 1892
  • Papilio torquatus Cramer, 1777

• Unnamed species-group:
  • Papilio okinawensis Fruhstorfer, 1898

Subgenus Pterourus Scopoli, 1777:

• The troilus species-group:
  • Papilio palamedes Drury, [1773] – Palamedes Swallowtail or Laurel Swallowtail
  • Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758 – Spicebush Swallowtail

• The glaucus species-group:
  • Papilio appalachiensis (Pavulaan & Wright, 2002) – Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail
  • Papilio canadensis Rothschild & Jordan, 1906 – Canadian Tiger Swallowtail
  • Papilio esperanza Beutelspacher, 1975 – Eesperanza Swallowtail
  • Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852 – Pale Swallowtail or Pallid Tiger Swallowtail
  • Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 – Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
  • Papilio alexiares Höpffer, 1866 – Mexican Tiger Swallowtail
  • Papilio multicaudata Kirby, 1884 – Two-tailed Swallowtail
  • Papilio pilumnus Boisduval, 1836 – Three-tailed Tiger Swallowtail
  • Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852 – Western Tiger Swallowtail

• The zagreus species-group:
  • Papilio neyi Niepelt, 1909
  • Papilio zagreus Doubleday, 1847
  • (Papilio bachus) C. & R. Felder, 1865

• The scamander species-group:
  • Papilio birchallii Hewitson, 1863
  • Papilio hellanichus Hewitson, 1868
  • Papilio scamander Boisduval, 1836
  • Papilio xanthopleura Godman & Salvin, 1868

• The homerus species-group:
  • Papilio cacicus Lucas, 1852
  • Papilio euterpinus Salvin & Godman, 1868
  • Papilio garamas (Geyer, [1829])
  • Papilio homerus Fabricius, 1793 – Homerus Swallowtail
  • Papilio menatius (Hübner, [1819])
  • Papilio warscewiczii Hopffer, 1865

Subgenus Sinoprinceps Hancock, 1983:

• Papilio benguetanus Joicey & Talbot, 1923

• The xuthus species-group Hancock, 1983:
  • Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767 – Asian, Xuthus, or Chinese Yellow Swallowtail

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papilio.

Wikispecies has information related to: Papilio

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility —P
• Genus Papilio at Lepidoptera.pro
• GART checklist