Pakistan Movement

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The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: تحریک پاکستان‎ — Taḥrīk-i Pākistān) was a historic political movement which was aimed to break from the British Empire and the United India to formed the independent nation-state, Pakistan, by the union of the four provinces located in far region of the North-West India.^[3]

The movement was led alongside with the Indian independence movement which had the similar views and motives, but the Pakistan Movement seek towards establishing a nation-state to protect the religious identity and political interests^[4] The first organised political movements were in Aligarh where another literary literary movement was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan that built the genesis of the Pakistan movement.^[5] An educational convention held in 1906 with joint efforts of Syed Ahmad Khan and Vikar-ul-Haq, the Muslim reformers took the movement to the political stage in the form of establishing the mainstream and then newly formed All-India Muslim League (AIML), with prominent moderate leaders seeking to protect the basic rights of Indian Muslims in the British India.^[6] During the initial stages of the movement, it adopted the vision of philosopher Iqbal after addressing at the convention of the AIML's annual session.^[7][8] Muhammad Ali Jinnah's constitutional struggle further helped gaining public support for the movement in the four provinces.^[9] Urdu poets such as Iqbal and Faiz used literature, poetry and speech as a powerful tool for political awareness.^[10][11][12] Feminists such as Sheila Pant and Fatima Jinnah championed the emancipation of Pakistan's women and their participation in national politics.^[13]

The Pakistan Movement was led by a large and diversified group of people and their struggle ultimately resulted in British Empire professing to the Indian Independence Act 1947, which created the independent dominions of India and Pakistan.^[14][15] The Pakistan Movement was a the result of a series of social, political, intellectual transformations in the Pakistani society, government, and ways of thinking.^[16] Efforts and struggles of the Founding Fathers resulted in the creation of the democratic and independent government.^[17] In the following years, another nationally–minded subset went on to established a strong government, followed by the military intervention in 1958.^[18] Grievousness and unbalanced economic distribution caused an upheaval which led the East Pakistan declared independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971.^[19] After a strong concessions and consents reached in 1973, the new Constitution established a relatively strong government, institutions, national courts, a legislature that represented both states in the Senate and population in the National Assembly.^[20][21] Pakistan's phase shift to republicanism, and the gradually increasing democracy, caused an upheaval of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core of political values in Pakistan.^[22]

History of the movement

Background

The basis of the Pakistan Movement was the Two-nation theory initiated by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and the awakening of the Muslims after the War of Independence, 1857. The beginning of Pakistan Movement was from the formation of the Muslim League in 1906, followed by the vision of Sir Mohammad Iqbal of a homeland for the Muslims floated in 1930, on to the Pakistan Resolution of 1940, and the League gaining strength to strength to finally attaining a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.^[23]

The Muslim League Governing Council at the Lahore session. The woman wearing the black cloak is Muhatarma Amjadi Banu Begum, the wife of Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, a prominent Muslim League leader. Begum was a leading representative of the UP's Muslim women during the years of the Pakistan Movement.^[1][2]

Muslims minority

The 1882 Local Self-Government Act had already troubled Syed Ahmed Khan. When, in 1906, the British announced their intention to establish Legislative Councils, Muhsin al-Mulk, the secretary of both the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference and MAO College, hoped to win a separate Legislative Council for Muslims by making correspondence to several prominent Muslims in different regions of the South Asia and organising a delegation led by Aga Khan III to meet with Viceroy Lord Minto,^{[24][25][26][27]} a deal to which Minto agreed because it appeared to assist the British divide and rule strategy.^{[citation needed]}. The delegation consisted of 35 members, who each represented their respective region proportionately, mentioned hereunder.

Aga Khan III in 1936.

Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk,(left) who organised the Simla deputation, with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (Centre), Sir Syed's son Justice Syed Mahmood (extreme right). Syed Mahmood was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj.

1. Sir Aga Khan III. (Head of the delegation); (Bombay).
2. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. (Aligarh).
3. Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. (Muradabad).
4. Maulvi Hafiz Hakim Ajmal Khan. (Delhi).
5. Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain. (Allahabad).
6. Maulvi Sharifuddin (Patna).
7. Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan (Bombay).
8. Syed Abdul Rauf. (Allahabad).
9. Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan. (Aligarh).
10. Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan. (Aligarh).
11. Abdul Salam Khan. (Rampur).
12. Raees Muhammed Ahtasham Ali. (Lucknow)
13. Khan Bahadur Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan. (Aligarh).
14. Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan. (Aligarh).
15. Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah. (Calcutta).
16. Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana. (Shahpur).
17. Khan Bahadur Muhammed Shah Deen. (Lahore).
18. Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary. (Memon Singh).
19. Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig. (Murshidabad).
20. Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).
21. Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan. (Calcutta).
22. Syed Muhammed Imam. (Patna).
23. Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).
24. Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed. (Bombay).
25. Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin. (Madras).
26. Ibraheem Bhai Adamjee Pirbhai. (Bombay).
27. Maulvi Abdul Raheem. (Calcutta).
28. Syed Allahdad Shah. (Khairpur).
29. Maulana H. M. Malik. (Nagpur).
30. Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan. (Patiala).
31. Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah. (Amritsar).
32. Khan Bahadur Mian Muhammad Shafi. (Lahore).
33. Khan Bahadur Shaikh Ghulam Sadiq. (Amritsar).
34. Syed Nabiullah. (Allahabad).
35. Khalifa Syed Muhammed Khan Bahadur. (Patna).^[28]

For Jinnah, Islam laid a cultural base for an ideology of ethnic nationalism whose objective was to gather the Muslim community to defend the Muslim minorities. Jinnah's representation of minority Muslims was quite apparent in 1928, when in the All-Party Muslim Conference, he was ready to swap the advantages of separate electorates for a quota of 33% of seats at the Centre. He maintained his views at the Round Table Conferences, while the Muslims of Punjab and Bengal were vying for a much more decentralised political setup. Many of their requests were met in the 1935 Government of India Act. Jinnah and the Muslim League played a peripheral role at the time and in 1937 could manage to gather only 5% of the Muslim vote. Jinnah refused to back down and went ahead with his plan. He presented the two-nation theory in the now famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940, seeking a separate Muslim state,^[29]

The idea of a separate state had first been introduced by Allama Iqbal in his speech in December 1930 as the President of the Muslim League.^[30] The state that he visualised included only Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), and Balochistan. Three years later, the name Pakistan was proposed in a declaration in 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a University of Cambridge graduate. Again, Bengal was left out of the proposal.^[31]

In his book Idea of Pakistan, Stephen P. Cohen writes on the influence of South Asian Muslim nationalism on the Pakistan movement:^[32]

"It begins with a glorious precolonial state empire when the Muslims of South Asia were politically united and culturally, civilizationally, and strategically dominant. In that era, ethnolinguistic differences were subsumed under a common vision of an Islamic-inspired social and political order. However, the divisions among Muslims that did exist were exploited by the British, who practiced divide and rule politics, displacing the Mughals and circumscribing other Islamic rulers. Moreover, the Hindus were the allies of the British, who used them to strike a balance with the Muslims; many Hindus, a fundamentally insecure people, hated Muslims and would have oppressed them in a one-man, one-vote democratic India. The Pakistan freedom movement united these disparate pieces of the national puzzle, and Pakistan was the expression of the national will of India's liberated Muslims."

Political campaign and support

Punjab

Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session.

First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League

The Western Punjab had become a major center of activity of the Muslim League's pushed for Pakistan Movement. On 29 December 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session held in Lahore. He said:^[33]

On 28 January 1933, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, founder of Pakistan National Movement voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never;^[34] Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" The word 'P In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail.^[35] "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".

In 1940 Muslim League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: "Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.",^[36] At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.^[37]

In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly of India elections of 1946, the League won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. Congress, led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India. The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."^[38]

Sindh

The support for independence also reached in Sindh, where the Muslim League had good equation with the Sindhi nationalist. Sindhi leader, G. M. Syed, who reaffirmed his role as one of the leading figure in the movement. His role as founding father and key role in the Muslim League, G. M. Syed proposed the 1940 Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly, which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Bacha Khan with Ghandi in 1946.

Unlike Punjab, Balochistan, and Sindh, the Muslim League had little support in Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa where Congress and the Pashtun nationalist Abdul Ghaffar Khan had considerable support for the cause of the Independent India.^[39][40] Abdul Ghaffar Khan (also known as Bacha Khan) initiated a Khudai Khidmatgar movement and dubbed himself as "Frontier Gandhi" due to his efforts in following in the foot steps of Gandhi.^[40]

Alongside, another movement, known as Red Shirts and the people of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa interpreted their program in their own way. For Pashtun intelligentsia, the Red Shirts political program was based on the promotion of Pashtun culture and elimination of non-Pashtun influence in the their province.^[41] For Islamic hardliners and Ulemas, their program was mainly Anti-British and their religious stand became a cause of attraction for the poor peasants which meant to check economic oppression of the British appointed Political Agents.^[41] Furthermore, the strong emphasis on Pashtun identity created by Bacha Khan made it extremely difficult for Muslim League's support for the Pakistan Movement. The Red Shirts and the Congress were able to contain the Muslim League to non-Pashtun regions, such as Hazara Division and Attock District.^[41]

The Red Shirts membership rose to the ~200,000 activists, which shows its fame and popularity.^[41] The Khudai Khidmatgar, Red Shirts, and Bacha Khan himself joined hands with the Congress against the Pakistan Movement.^[41] During the 1945 general elections, the Muslim League could only managed to win 17 seats against Congress who secured 30 seats. The Muslim League was highly benefited with its activists who played crucial role in gathering support for the Pakistan Movement, specifically Jalal-u-din Baba, an ethinc Hazara. His strong activism with the Muslim League captured a strong mandate of Hazara Division and Attock District.^[41] Many activists, such as Roedad Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, Sartaj Aziz, and Abdul Qayyum Khan, helped up lifted the cause and image of the Muslim League in the province.^[41] Finally, a referendum held in 1947, the people of FATA and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa cast their vote in favor of Pakistan, despite Bacha Khan wanting to accede with India.^[41]

It is well documented when the Congress accepted the referendum without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar, Bacha Khan told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."^[42] The spirit of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement took its last breath when it was proclaimed as a political party after the creation of Pakistan.^[41] The aims and objectives were changed and gradually people lost their interest in the movement.^[41]

Balochistan

Other regions

During the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s, Rohingya Muslims in western Burma had an ambition to annexe and merge their region into East Pakistan.^[43] Before the independence of Burma, in January 1948, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and asked his assistance in annexing of the Mayu region to Pakistan which was about to be formed.^[43] Two months later, North Arakan Muslim League was founded in Akyab (modern: Sittwe, capital of Arakan State), it, too demanding annexation to Pakistan.^[43] However, the proposal never materialised after it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah. ^{[citation needed]}

Conclusion

Muslim nationalism became evident in the provinces where the Muslim minorities resided as they faced social and political marginalisation. The desire of the significant Muslim minorities to for self-government and self-determination, became obvious when a clause in the Lahore Resolution which stated that "constituent units (of the states to come) shall be autonomous and sovereign" was not respected. The Two-Nation Theory became more and more obvious during the congress rule. In 1946, the Muslim majorities agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to Congress's one sided policies,^[44][45] which were also the result of leaders like Jinnah leaving the party in favour of Muslim League,^[46] winning in seven of the 11 provinces. Prior to 1938, Bengal with 33 million Muslims had only ten representatives, less than the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which were home to only seven million Muslims. Thus the creation of Pakistan became inevitable and the British had no choice but to create two separate nations, Pakistan and India, in 1947.^{[47][48][49][50]}

According to Pakistan Studies curriculum, Muhammad bin Qasim is often referred to as the first Pakistani.^[51] Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the Pakistan movement to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in the Gateway of Islam.^[52]

Non-Muslims contribution and efforts

Jinnah's vision was supported by few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and Christians that lived in the Muslim dominated regions of undivided India.^[53][54] Most notable and extremely influential Hindu figure in Pakistan Movement was Jogendra Nath Mandal from Bengal, and Jagannath Azad from the Urdu-speaking belt.^[55] Mandal represented the Hindu representation calling for independent state of Pakistan, and was one of the Founding-fathers of Pakistan.^[53] After the independence, Mandal was given ministries of Law, Justice, and Work-Force by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.^[53]He, however, realised his folly in 1950 when thousands of lower caste Hindus were massacred in East Bengal generating a wave of refugees to India. He himself fled to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the then Prime Minister of Pakistan.

The Christian composition also stand behind Jinnah's vision, playing a pivotal role in the movement.^[56] The notable Christians included Sir Victor Turner and Alvin Robert Cornelius.^[57] Turner was responsible for carrying the economic, financial planning of the country, after gaining the independence.^[57] Turner was among one of the founding fathers^[57] of Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and to handle the administrative units.^[57] Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law secretary in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.^[57] The Hindu, Christian, and Parsi communities had also played their due role for the development of Pakistan soon after its creation.^[56]

Timeline

Notable quotations

Allama Iqbal

I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.^[60]

Choudhary Rahmat Ali

At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in Pakistan – by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan – for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation.^[31]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state."^[61][62]

Leaders and Founding fathers

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Allama Muhammad Iqbal
• Liaquat Ali Khan
• Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar
• Aga Khan III
• Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
• A. K. Fazlul Huq
• Ghulam Bhik Nairang
• Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari
• Khwaja Nazimuddin
• Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba
• Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
• Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi
• Maulana Zafar Ali Khan
• Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
• Altaf Husain

See also

• A Short History of Pakistan, a book edited by I H Qureshi
• History of Pakistan
• National Monument, Islamabad
• Raja, Masood Ashraf. Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2
• Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan
• Pakistani nationalism
• Pakistan Zindabad

References

External links

• "Pakistan Movement Workers Trust (Tehrik-i-Pakistan) تحریک پاکستان". Pakistan Movement Workers Trust's official website. 
• "The Pakistan Movement". Story of Pakistan website. 
• "Iqbal and the Pakistan Movement". Iqbal Academy Pakistan. 
• "The Pakistan Movement (Picture Gallery)". Pakistan.gov. 

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