Pachycondyla

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Pachycondyla

P. harpax worker

Chirps of a P. apicalis worker
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Ponerinae
Tribe:	Ponerini
Genus:	Pachycondyla Smith, 1858
Type species
Formica crassinoda Latreille, 1802
Species
many, see text
Diversity
c. 200 - 300 species
Synonyms
Bothroponera Ectomomyrmex Brachyponera Mesoponera Trachymesopus

Ypresiomyrma rebekkae queen fossils (upper left) at the Geological Museum in Copenhagen. This ant was formerly classified under Pachycondyla until it was placed in the subfamily Myrmeciinae and assigned to a new genus by Archibald, Cover, and Moreau in 2006.^[1]

Pachycondyla is a diverse group of ponerine ants that are widespread in the world's tropics and subtropics. Most are general predators or scavengers, with some specializing in hunting termites. In some species queens are replaced by fertilised workers. Apart from 200 to 300 described species, five fossil species have been identified.^[2]

Systematics

While officially a genus, Pachycondyla is a polyphyletic group, consisting of many subgenera with unclear relationships, that will likely prove to be valid, distinct genera.^[3]

Description

Pachycondyla workers are similarly shaped to those of the genera Cryptopone, Hypoponera and Ponera and are often confused. They can be identified by having a large comb-like and a smaller simple spur on the hind leg, while the others are missing the smaller one.^[2] Many species in the genus produce a defensive foam in threads when threatened. This foam is made from proteinaceous secretions from an enlarged Dufour's gland in their sting.^[4]

Species

Pachycondyla aciculata Emery, 1901
Pachycondyla acuta Emery, 1900
Pachycondyla aenescens Mayr, 1870
Pachycondyla aenigmatica (Arnold, 1949)
Pachycondyla aequalis (Mann, 1919)
Pachycondyla agilis (Forel, 1901)
Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942)
Pachycondyla ambigua Andre, 1890
Pachycondyla amblyops (Emery, 1887)
Pachycondyla analis (Latreille, 1802)
Pachycondyla annamita (Andre, 1892)
Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802)
Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857)
Pachycondyla arcuata (Karavaiev, 1925)
Pachycondyla arhuaca (Forel, 1901)
Pachycondyla astuta Smith, 1858
Pachycondyla atrata (Karavaiev, 1925)
Pachycondyla atrovirens Mayr, 1866
Pachycondyla australis (Forel, 1900)
Pachycondyla barbata Stitz, 1911
Pachycondyla berthoudi (Forel, 1890)
Pachycondyla bispinosa Smith, 1858
Pachycondyla brunoi Forel, 1913
Pachycondyla bucki (Borgmeier, 1927)
Pachycondyla butteli (Forel, 1913)
Pachycondyla caffraria (Smith, 1858)
Pachycondyla calcarea (Theobald, 1937)
Pachycondyla cambouei (Forel, 1891)
Pachycondyla carbonaria (Smith, 1858)
Pachycondyla carinulata (Roger, 1861)
Pachycondyla cariosa (Emery, 1895)
Pachycondyla castanea (Mayr, 1865)
Pachycondyla castaneicolor (Dalla Torre, 1893)
Pachycondyla cauta (Mann, 1922)
Pachycondyla cavernosa (Roger, 1860)
Pachycondyla cavinodis (Mann, 1916)
Pachycondyla chinensis (Emery, 1895)
Pachycondyla christmasi (Donisthorpe, 1935)
Pachycondyla chyzeri (Forel, 1907)
Pachycondyla clarki (Wheeler, 1934)
Pachycondyla claudata (Menozzi, 1926)
Pachycondyla cognata (Emery, 1896)
Pachycondyla commutata (Roger, 1860)
Pachycondyla comorensis (Andre, 1887)
Pachycondyla constricta (Mayr, 1884)
Pachycondyla crassa (Emery, 1877)
Pachycondyla crassinoda (Latreille, 1802)
Pachycondyla crawleyi (Donisthorpe, 1920)
Pachycondyla crenata (Roger, 1861)
Pachycondyla cribrata Santschi, 1910
Pachycondyla croceicornis (Emery, 1900)
Pachycondyla darwinii (Forel, 1893)
Pachycondyla denticulata (Kirby, 1896)
Pachycondyla depilis (Emery, 1902)
Pachycondyla dubia (Theobald, 1937)
Pachycondyla dubitata (Forel, 1900)
Pachycondyla eleonorae (Forel, 1921)
Pachycondyla elisae (Forel, 1891)
Pachycondyla emiliae (Forel, 1901)
Pachycondyla escherichi Forel, 1910
Pachycondyla exarata Emery, 1901
Pachycondyla excavata (Emery, 1893)
Pachycondyla fauveli Emery, 1896
Pachycondyla ferruginea (Smith, 1858)
Pachycondyla flavopilosa (Weber, 1942)
Pachycondyla foetida (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pachycondyla fossigera (Mayr, 1901)
Pachycondyla fugax Forel, 1907
Pachycondyla fuscoatra (Roger, 1861)
Pachycondyla gilberti (Kempf, 1960)
Pachycondyla glabripes (Emery, 1893)
Pachycondyla globiventris (Theobald, 1937)
Pachycondyla goeldii (Forel, 1912)
Pachycondyla goyana (Borgmeier, 1937)
Pachycondyla gracilicornis (Mayr, 1868)
Pachycondyla grandis (Donisthorpe, 1947)
Pachycondyla granosa (Roger, 1860)
Pachycondyla guianensis (Weber, 1939)
Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius, 1804)
Pachycondyla haskinsi (Weber, 1939)
Pachycondyla havilandi (Forel, 1901)
Pachycondyla havilandi Forel, 1901
Pachycondyla henryi Donisthorpe, 1942
Pachycondyla holmgreni (Wheeler, 1925)
Pachycondyla hottentota Emery, 1886
Pachycondyla ilgii (Forel, 1894)
Pachycondyla impressa (Roger, 1861)
Pachycondyla incisa Emery, 1911
Pachycondyla ingesta (Wheeler, 1922)
Pachycondyla insulana (Mayr, 1876)
Pachycondyla insularis (Emery, 1889)
Pachycondyla javana (Mayr, 1867)
Pachycondyla jerdonii (Forel, 1900)
Pachycondyla jonesii (Forel, 1891)
Pachycondyla kenyensis (Santschi, 1937)
Pachycondyla kruegeri Forel, 1910
Pachycondyla laevigata (Smith, 1858)
Pachycondyla laevissima Arnold, 1915
Pachycondyla lamottei (Bernard, 1953)
Pachycondyla leeuwenhoeki (Forel, 1886)
Pachycondyla lenis Kempf, 1961
Pachycondyla lenkoi Kempf, 1962
Pachycondyla leveillei (Emery, 1890)
Pachycondyla lineaticeps Mayr, 1866
Pachycondyla lunaris (Emery, 1896)
Pachycondyla lutea (Mayr, 1862)
Pachycondyla luteipes (Mayr, 1862)
Pachycondyla luteola (Roger, 1861)
Pachycondyla lydiae (Santschi, 1920)
Pachycondyla magnifica Borgmeier, 1929
Pachycondyla malayana (Wheeler, 1929)
Pachycondyla manni (Viehmeyer, 1924)
Pachycondyla marginata (Roger, 1861)
Pachycondyla masoala Rakotonirina and Fisher, 2013
Pachycondyla mayri (Emery, 1887)
Pachycondyla melanaria (Emery, 1893)
Pachycondyla melancholica Smith, 1865
Pachycondyla mesonotalis (Santschi, 1923)
Pachycondyla mesoponeroides (Radchenko, 1993)
Pachycondyla metanotalis Luederwaldt, 1918
Pachycondyla mlanjiensis (Arnold, 1946)
Pachycondyla mocquerysi (Emery, 1902)
Pachycondyla modiglianii Emery, 1900
Pachycondyla myropola (Menozzi, 1925)
Pachycondyla nasica Santschi, 1920
Pachycondyla nigrita (Emery, 1895)
Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953)
Pachycondyla novemdentata (Bernard, 1953)
Pachycondyla oberthueri Emery, 1890
Pachycondyla obesa (Emery, 1897)
Pachycondyla obscurans (Walker, 1859)
Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery, 1890
Pachycondyla obsoleta (Menozzi, 1931)
Pachycondyla obtusa Emery, 1900
Pachycondyla oculata (Smith, 1858)
Pachycondyla overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916
Pachycondyla pachyderma Emery, 1901
Pachycondyla pachynoda (Clark, 1930)
Pachycondyla pallida (Smith, 1858)
Pachycondyla pallidipennis (Smith, 1860)
Pachycondyla papuana (Viehmeyer, 1914)
Pachycondyla pergandei (Forel, 1909)
Pachycondyla peringueyi (Emery, 1899)
Pachycondyla perroti (Forel, 1891)
Pachycondyla picardi Forel, 1901
Pachycondyla picea (Bernard, 1953)
Pachycondyla piliventris Smith, 1858
Pachycondyla pilosior (Wheeler, 1928)
Pachycondyla planicornis Rakotonirina and Fisher, 2013
Pachycondyla porcata (Emery, 1897)
Pachycondyla procidua Emery, 1890
Pachycondyla pumicosa (Roger, 1860)
Pachycondyla punctata Karavaiev, 1935
Pachycondyla rostrata Emery, 1890
Pachycondyla rubescens (Santschi, 1937)
Pachycondyla rubiginosa (Emery, 1889)
Pachycondyla rubra (Smith, 1857)
Pachycondyla ruficornis (Clark, 1934)
Pachycondyla rufipes (Jerdon, 1851)
Pachycondyla rufonigra (Clark, 1934)
Pachycondyla sandakana (Wheeler, 1919)
Pachycondyla sanguinea Santschi, 1920
Pachycondyla sauteri Forel, 1912
Pachycondyla scobina (Wilson, 1958)
Pachycondyla scolopax (Emery, 1899)
Pachycondyla sculpturata Karavaiev, 1925
Pachycondyla senegalensis (Santschi, 1914)
Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Mayr, 1862)
Pachycondyla sharpi (Forel, 1901)
Pachycondyla sheldoni (Mann, 1919)
Pachycondyla sikorae (Forel, 1891)
Pachycondyla silvestrii Santschi, 1914
Pachycondyla simillima (Donisthorpe, 1949)
Pachycondyla sjostedti (Mayr, 1896)
Pachycondyla solitaria (Smith, 1860)
Pachycondyla soror (Emery, 1899)
Pachycondyla stigma (Fabricius, 1804)
Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858
Pachycondyla striatinodis Emery, 1890
Pachycondyla striatula Karavaiev, 1935
Pachycondyla strigulosa (Emery, 1895)
Pachycondyla striolata Donisthorpe, 1933
Pachycondyla subiridescens (Wheeler, 1922)
Pachycondyla sublaevis (Emery, 1887)
Pachycondyla succedanea (Roger, 1863)
Pachycondyla succinea (Mayr, 1868)
Pachycondyla sulcata (Mayr, 1867)
Pachycondyla suspecta (Santschi, 1914)
Pachycondyla talpa (Andre, 1890)
Pachycondyla tarsata (Fabricius, 1798)
Pachycondyla tavaratra Rakotonirina and Fisher, 2013
Pachycondyla tesseronoda (Emery, 1877)
Pachycondyla testacea (Bernard, 1953)
Pachycondyla theresiae Forel, 1899
Pachycondyla tonkina Santschi, 1920
Pachycondyla tridentata Smith, 1858
Pachycondyla unicolor (Smith, 1860)
Pachycondyla unidentata Mayr, 1862
Pachycondyla variolosa (Arnold, 1947)
Pachycondyla vazimba Rakotonirina and Fisher, 2013
Pachycondyla venusta (Forel, 1912)
Pachycondyla verecundae (Donisthorpe, 1943)
Pachycondyla vermiculata (Emery, 1897)
Pachycondyla vidua (Smith, 1857)
Pachycondyla villiersi (Bernard, 1953)
Pachycondyla villosa (Fabricius, 1804)
Pachycondyla wasmannii (Forel, 1887)
Pachycondyla weberi (Bernard, 1953)
Pachycondyla williamsi (Wheeler & Chapman, 1925)
Pachycondyla wroughtonii (Forel, 1901)
Pachycondyla zumpti (Santschi, 1937)

Footnotes

↑ Archibald, S. Bruce; Stefan P. Cover, Corrie S. Moreau (2006). "Bulldog ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and history of the subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)". Annals of the Entomological Society (Entomological Society of America) 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
↑ 2.0 2.1 Australian Ants Online
↑ Tree of Life
↑ Maschwitz, U; Karla Jessen, and Eleonore Maschwitz (1981). "Foaming in Pachycondyla: A New Defense Mechanism in Ants". Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 9: 79–81. doi:10.1007/BF00299857.

References

Australian Ants Online: Genus Pachycondyla
Tree of Life Web Project. 2004. Pachycondyla. Version 15 October 2004 (temporary). in The Tree of Life Web Project

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pachycondyla.

Tree of Life: Pictures of Pachycondyla (Termitopone) marginata
Ant Web: Picture of a dozen species
ITIS: Pachycondyla — List of many species (complete?)

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