Ovulidae

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Ovulidae
Living Cyphoma gibbosum with mantle extended, anterior end of animal towards the top of the image
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Caenogastropoda

clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha

Superfamily: Cypraeoidea
Family: Ovulidae
Fleming, 1822
Genera

See text.

Ovulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and the cowry allies.

Distribution

The ovulids are a widespread family, occurring mostly in tropical and subtropical waters, with most species in the Indo-West Pacific region. But a few species live in temperate waters.

Habitat

Dentiovula dosrugosa camouflaged on a soft coral.

Ovulids are carnivorous molluscs that feed on polyps and tissues of Anthozoa (as do the genera Cyphoma and Pseudocyphoma). They live on, and eat, soft corals and sea fans, and they are usually regarded as ectoparasites of these sessile colonial organisms, to which they are anchored by a long and narrow foot. This extreme specialisation in their alimentary regime has caused important morphological modifications to their radula.[1][2]

Shell description

Ovulids mostly have smooth shiny shells with a very long aperture and a very low or invisible spire. The shell can be pyriform (shaped like a pear), ovate (egg-shaped) to sub-ovate, cylindrical or lanceolate (lance-shaped).

The shell is often monochromatic white, but in some species the shell is pink or reddish.

In a few species of ovulids, the shell quite closely resembles that of cowries. However in many other species, the shells are so elongate that they do not so much resemble the shells of that closely related family.

When these snails are alive, the mantle completely covers the shell almost all of the time. Pictures of living animals usually show the brightly colored and decorated mantle, which looks very different from the often rather plain, shiny surface of the shell.

The color patterns of the mantle closely resemble the color patterns of the host species. This is due to the phenomenon of "alimentary homochromy" (obtaining the same color as the host by feeding on the host). This phenomenon gives them a remarkable camouflage ability.

Taxonomy

2005 taxonomy

The following five subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):

  • Ovulinae Fleming, 1822
    • tribe Ovulini Fleming, 1822 - synonyms: Amphiperatidae Gray, 1853; Simniini Schilder, 1927; Volvini Schilder, 1932
    • tribe Eocypraeini Schilder, 1924 - synonym: Sulcocypraeini Schilder, 1932
  • † Cypraediinae Schilder, 1927
  • Jenneriinae Thiele, 1929 - synonym: Cyproglobinini Schilder, 1932
  • Pediculariinae Gray, 1853
  • Pseudocypraeinae Steadman & Cotton, 1943

See also Schiaparelli et al. (2005).[3]

2007 taxonomy

Fehse (2007)[4] have elevated subfamily Pediculariinae to family Pediculariidae and tribe Eocypraeini to family Eocypraeidae both to family level based on morphological research of the radulae, shell and animal morphology and the and molecular phylogeny research of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.[4] Subsequently he has established new subfamilies Prionovolvinae and Aclyvolvinae.[4]

family Ovulidae

  • subfamily Prionovolvinae Fehse, 2007
  • subfamily Simniinae Schilder, 1925
  • subfamily Ovulinae Fleming, 1828
  • subfamily Aclyvolvinae Fehse, 2007

Genera

Genera within the family Ovulidae include:

Subfamily Prionovolvinae Fehse, 2007

Subfamily Simniinae Schilder, 1925

Phenacovolva rosea from East Timor.

Subfamily Ovulinae Fleming, 1828

Subfamily Aclyvolvinae

subfamily ?

  • Aperiovula Cate, 1973[citation needed]
  • Delonovolva Cate, 1973[citation needed]
  • Subsimnia[citation needed]

References

  1. ↑ Thiele J. (1929). Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde, 1. Fischer, Jena, 376 pp.
  2. ↑ Vayssière A. (1923). "Recherches zoologiques et anatomiques sur les mollusques de la famille des Cypraeidés, 1ère partie". Annales du Musée d’Histoire naturelle de Marseille Zoologie 18(1921): 1-120. Plates 1-14.
  3. ↑ Schiaparelli, S.; Barucca M., Olmo E., Boyer M. & Canapa A. (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships within Ovulidae (Gastropoda: Cypraeoidea) based on molecular data from the 16S rRNA gene". Marine Biology 147 (2): 411–420. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-1566-0. ISSN 1432-1793. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 Fehse D. (2007). "Contributions to the knowledge of the Ovulidae. XVI. The higher systematics". Spixiana 30(1): 121-125. PDF.
  5. ↑ Lorentz, F. (2009-05-28). "Archivolva". Ovulidae.com. Retrieved 2010-01-01. 

Further reading

  • Lorenz, F.; D.Fehse (2009). The Living Ovulidae: A Manual of the Families of Allied Cowries Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. 
  • Dolin, L. & Ledon, D. (2002). "Nouveaux taxons et discussion de la systématique des genres correspondants d’Ovulidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) de l’Éocène inférieur de Gan (France)". Geodiversitas 24(2): 329–347. PDF.

External links

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