Outline of hydrology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:

Hydrology – study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

Essence of hydrology

Main article: Hydrology

Water
Hydrologic cycle
Cryosphere

Branches of hydrology

Hydrometry – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle
Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water
Ecohydrology – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle
Hydrogeology – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers
Hydroinformatics – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications
Hydrometeorology – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere
Isotope hydrology – the study of the isotopic signatures of water
Surface hydrology – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface
Catchment hydrology – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically-defined catchment

History of hydrology

Main article: History of hydrology

Water movement pathways

Above ground

Evaporation –

Pan evaporation –

Interception –

Evapotranspiration –

Stemflow –
Throughfall –

On ground

Surface runoff –
Overland flow –
Horton overland flow –

Below ground

Further information: Hydrological phenomenon

Measurement tools

Groundwater^[1]

Aquifer characterization

Flow direction

Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test)
Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity
Geophysical methods

Vadose zone characterization
- Infiltration
  - Infiltrometer - infiltration
- Soil moisture
  - Capacitance probe-soil moisture
  - Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture
  - Tensiometer - soil moisture
  - Solute sampling
  - Geophysical methods

Surface water^[1]

Water level

Mechanical pressure gauge –
Electronic pressure gauge –
Acoustic pressure gauge –

Channel shape

Dumpy level –

Discharge

Acoustic Doppler velocimeter –
Dilution tracing –

Meteorological

Precipitation^[1]

Rain gauge – rainfall depth (unit) and intensity (unit time⁻¹)
Disdrometer – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity
Doppler weather radar – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration to rain gauges
Wind profiler – precipitation vertical and horizontal motion, vertical cross-section of reflectivity and typing

Frozen precipitation (on ground)

Pressure sensors – pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent
Acoustic sensors – pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent

Mean windspeed and direction

Anemometer –
Doppler sonar –
Wind profiler – air vertical and horizontal motion

Mean air temperature

Thermometer –

Humidity

Infrared thermometer – a form of remote sensing
Hygrometer (Psychrometer) – measures relative humidity

Air pressure

Barometer –

Heat flux

Cloudiness/Sunshine

Spectroradiometer –
Campbell–Stokes recorder –

Evapotranspiration ^[2]

Water budget method

Basin water balance –
Evaporation pan –
Lysimetry –
Soil moisture depletion –

Water vapor transfer method

Bowen ratio – considers the energy budget
Eddy covariance –

Component analysis

Porometry/Sap flow –
Interception loss –
Soil evaporation –

Large-scale

Scintillometer –
Remote sensing estimates –
LIDAR –

Soil/porous media^[1]

Bulk density & porosity

Oven dried sample –

Matric potential

Suction plate – determines relationship between the water volume and matric potential
Resistance thermometer – relates to matric potential from previous calibration

Hydraulic conductivity

Disc permeameter – measures soil hydraulic conductivity
Rainfall simulator – measures output through the application of constant input ("rain") in a sealed area
Slug test – addition or removal of water and monitors the time until return to predisturbance level

Piezometer –
Soil moisture content (water volume percentage)

Frequency domain sensor –
Time domain reflectometer –
Neutron probe –

Water quality^[1]

Conductivity

Electrical conductivity – variety of probes used

pH meter –

Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Winkler test –

Turbidity

Nephelometer (Turbidimeter) –

Water clarity

Secchi disk –

Bed load
Erosion/deposition

Modeling

Behavioral modeling in hydrology

Equations

Basin

Hack's law –

Catchment

Water balance –

Evaporation

Penman –
Penman-Monteith –

Infiltration/Soil Movement

Darcy's Law –

Darcy-Weisbach –

Richards equation –

Streamflow/Open channel

Fick's law of diffusion –
Chézy formula –
Manning formula –
Strahler number –
Standard Step Method – computational technique for modeling steady state open channel surface profiles

Erosion

Hjulstrøm curve –

Groundwater

Dupuit assumption –
Groundwater flow equation –

Power/Uncertainty

Models

Main article: Hydrological transport model

Persons influential in the field of hydrology

Hydrology scholars

Environmental issues

Allied sciences

Aquatic chemistry –
Civil engineering –

Hydraulic engineering –

Climatology –
Environmental engineering –
Environmental Engineering Science –
Geomorphology –
Hydroacoustics –
Hydrography –

Limnology –
Oceanography –

Physical geography –

Hydrology lists

Drainage basins by area – largest hydrologically defined watersheds in the world
Floods – chronological and geographic list of major floods worldwide
Waterways – worldwide listing of waterbodies classified as rivers, canals, estuarys, and firths

References

↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Western, Andrew W. (2005). "Principles of Hydrological Measurements". In Anderson, Malcolm G. Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences 1. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 75–94.
↑ Shuttleworth, W. James (January/February 2008). "Evapotranspiration Measurement Methods". Southwest Hydrology (Tucson, AZ) 7 (1): 22–23. Retrieved 2009-07-22.

External links

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