Operation Nougat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Operation Nougat | |
|---|---|
 Nougat Gnome salt dome cavity. At lower center is a white arrow pointing to a man (white vertical figure with white dot beside his head) for scale. | |
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test site | near Carlsbad, New Mexico; NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa; NTS Area 15; NTS Area 16, Shoshone Mountain; NTS Area 18, Buckboard Mesa; NTS, Areas 1-4, 6-10, Yucca Flat |
| Period | 1961-1962 |
| Number of tests | 44 |
| Test type | Cratering (shallow sub surface), Underground shaft, Underground tunnel |
| Max. yield | 17 tonnes of TNT (71 GJ) - 67 kilotonnes of TNT (280 TJ) |
| Navigation | |
| Previous test series | Hardtack II |
| Next test series | Sunbeam |
Operation Nougat[1] was a series of 44 nuclear tests conducted (with one exception) at the Nevada Test Site in 1961 and 1962, immediately after the Soviet Union abrogated a testing moratorium, with the US' Mink test shot taking place the day before the Soviets test-detonated the Tsar Bomba. Most tests were limited-yield underground test shots.[2] New designs would be further developed in atmospheric testing during Operation Dominic I and II.
Operation Dominic I and II would follow Operation Nougat, with some testing overlap. Operation Hardtack II preceded Nougat and the testing moratorium.
The United States test series summary table is here: United States' nuclear testing series.
The detonations in the United States' Nougat series are listed below:
| Name[Note 1] | Date Time (UT) | Local time zone[Note 2] | Location[Note 4] | Elevation + Height[Note 5] | Delivery[Note 6] | Purpose[Note 7] | Device[Note 8] | Yield[Note 9] | Venting[Note 10] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antler | September 15, 1961 17:00:00.12 | PST | NTS Area U12e.03a 37°11′16″N 116°12′31″W / 37.1879°N 116.20863°W | 2,254 m (7,395 ft) - 402.03 m (1,319.0 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapons development | W45 | 2.6 kt | Venting detected off site, 210 kCi (7,800 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][6][7] | |
| Shrew | September 16, 1961 19:00:45.12 | PST | NTS Area U3ac 37°02′54″N 116°02′01″W / 37.0484°N 116.03367°W | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 98.07 m (321.8 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-54 Gnat ? | 17 t | Venting detected on site, less than 490 Ci (18,000 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][6][7] | |
| Boomer | October 1, 1961 21:00:30.12 | PST | NTS Area U3aa 37°02′54″N 116°02′07″W / 37.04829°N 116.03526°W | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 100.64 m (330.2 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-54 Gnat ? | less than 0.1 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 2.5 kCi (93 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][6][7] | |
| Chena | October 10, 1961 18:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U12b.09 37°11′39″N 116°12′28″W / 37.19423°N 116.20791°W | 2,250 m (7,380 ft) - 255.42 m (838.0 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapons development | W44 "Arrow" ? | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 760 Ci (28,000 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][6][7] | Similar to Fishbowl Swordfish, yield much lower than predicted. |
| Mink | October 29, 1961 18:00:30.13 | PST | NTS Area U3ae 37°02′55″N 116°01′55″W / 37.04851°N 116.03195°W | 1,201 m (3,940 ft) - 192.1 m (630 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 500 Ci (18,000 GBq) | [1][3][5][6][7] | similar to HT-II Quay, HT-I Linden, fizzle. | |
| Fisher | December 3, 1961 23:04:59.63 | PST | NTS Area U3ah 37°02′45″N 116°01′43″W / 37.04581°N 116.02853°W | 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 363.72 m (1,193.3 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-50 primary ? | 13.4 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 500 Ci (18,000 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Repeat of Mink, yield below predicted due to Zipper failure. |
| Gnome | December 10, 1961 19:00:00.0 | MST | near Carlsbad, New Mexico 32°15′47″N 103°51′57″W / 32.26298°N 103.86592°W | 1,013 m (3,323 ft) - 360 m (1,180 ft) | Underground shaft | Peaceful research | 3.1 kt | Venting detected off site | [1][3][6][9] | Project Gnome, fired in salt dome, cavity formed was 170 ft (52 m) in diameter, and 80 ft (24 m) high, some radiation accidentally released and detected off-site. Shaft drilled 341 m (1,119 ft) to SW. | |
| Mad | December 13, 1961 18:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9a 37°07′36″N 116°02′59″W / 37.12656°N 116.04962°W | 1,254 m (4,114 ft) - 219.15 m (719.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 500 t | I-131 venting detected on site, 0 | [1][3][5][6][7] | Similar to Hoosic and Stillwater, yield below predicted, attempt to standardize low yield energy source for future experiments. | |
| Ringtail | December 17, 1961 16:00:35.13 | PST | NTS Area U3ak 37°02′35″N 116°01′34″W / 37.04317°N 116.02616°W | 1,196 m (3,924 ft) - 362.99 m (1,190.9 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-54 Gnat ? | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 10 Ci (370 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Possible XW-54 test, similar to Shrew and Boomer, purpose to optimize small light system for high yield tactical weapon. |
| Feather | December 22, 1961 16:00:30.13 | PST | NTS Area U12b.08 37°11′42″N 116°12′33″W / 37.1949°N 116.20916°W | 2,242 m (7,356 ft) - 247.5 m (812 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapons development | 150 t | Venting detected off site, 380 Ci (14,000 GBq) | [1][3][5][6][7] | "...results quite striking.". | |
| Stoat | January 9, 1962 16:00:30.14 | PST | NTS Area U3ap 37°02′41″N 116°02′09″W / 37.04459°N 116.03592°W | 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 302.33 m (991.9 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 5.1 kt | Venting detected on site, 8 Ci (300 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Performed as expected, 1st in series to develop new multi-point detonation system, similar to Agouti, Armadillo, Ermine, Chinchilla I/II. | |
| Agouti | January 18, 1962 18:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U3ao 37°02′50″N 116°02′07″W / 37.0472°N 116.03523°W | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 260.95 m (856.1 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 6.4 kt | [1][3][4][5][8] | Develop test for new 10 in (250 mm) implosion system, similar to Stoat. | ||
| Dormouse | January 30, 1962 18:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U3aq 37°02′48″N 116°02′25″W / 37.04679°N 116.04034°W | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 363.14 m (1,191.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 10 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Configuration optimization test, similar to Mink, Fisher, Raccoon, Dormouse Prime, Packrat. | |
| Stillwater | February 8, 1962 18:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9c 37°07′38″N 116°03′13″W / 37.1272°N 116.05354°W | 1,259 m (4,131 ft) - 181.36 m (595.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3.1 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Similar to Mad and Hoosic. | |
| Armadillo | February 9, 1962 16:00:30.13 | PST | NTS Area U3ar 37°02′37″N 116°02′23″W / 37.04354°N 116.03981°W | 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 239.69 m (786.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 7.1 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 120 Ci (4,400 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Develop test for new 10 in (250 mm) implosion system, similar Stoat. | |
| Hardhat | February 15, 1962 18:00:00.1 | PST | NTS Area U15a 37°13′35″N 116°03′37″W / 37.22626°N 116.06018°W | 1,532 m (5,026 ft) - 287.43 m (943.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapon effect | 5.7 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][5][6][10][7] | Test of underground structure hardening. | |
| Chinchilla I | February 19, 1962 16:00:30.13 | PST | NTS Area U3ag 37°02′57″N 116°01′49″W / 37.04905°N 116.03023°W | 1,201 m (3,940 ft) - 150.08 m (492.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1.9 kt | Venting detected on site, 2 Ci (74 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Test of new 10 in (250 mm) implosion system, performed as expected, showed device not 1-point safe. | |
| Codsaw | February 19, 1962 17:00:50.16 | PST | NTS Area U9g 37°07′39″N 116°02′17″W / 37.12743°N 116.03806°W | 1,258 m (4,127 ft) - 212.14 m (696.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | W45 | 2 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 1 kCi (37 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Similar to Hoosic, Hudson, Arikaree. |
| Cimarron | February 23, 1962 18:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9h 37°07′44″N 116°02′57″W / 37.12881°N 116.04918°W | 1,256 m (4,121 ft) - 304.8 m (1,000 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 11.9 kt | Venting detected, 750 Ci (28,000 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Confirmed advanced warhead design, device performed better than expected. | |
| Platypus | February 24, 1962 16:00:30.13 | PST | NTS Area U3ad 37°02′54″N 116°01′58″W / 37.0483°N 116.03264°W | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 57.84 m (189.8 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][5][6][7] | similar to Shrew, Boomer, Ringtail. | |
| Danny Boy | March 5, 1962 18:00:15.12 | PST | NTS Area U18a 37°06′39″N 116°21′57″W / 37.11091°N 116.3658°W | 1,641 m (5,384 ft) - 30 m (98 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Weapon effect | 430 t | Venting detected off site, 850 kCi (31,000 TBq) | [1][3][4][8][6][7][9] | Test of atomic demolition munition (ADM) cratering effects in basalt, crater 265 ft (81 m) by 84 ft (26 m), design yield 470 tonnes. | |
| Ermine | March 6, 1962 16:00:30.13 | PST | NTS Area U3ab 37°02′54″N 116°02′04″W / 37.04837°N 116.0344°W | 1,201 m (3,940 ft) - 73.15 m (240.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 20 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][5][6][7] | Test of new 10 in (250 mm) implosion system, 1-point safety test. | |
| Brazos | March 8, 1962 18:00:00.21 | PST | NTS Area U9d 37°07′20″N 116°02′59″W / 37.12212°N 116.04976°W | 1,254 m (4,114 ft) - 256.34 m (841.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-55 primary ? | 8.4 kt | Venting detected on site, 1.1 kCi (41 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Successful system proof test, developmental test of advanced implosion system, design yield 5-10 kt. |
| Hognose | March 15, 1962 16:00:30.13 | PST | NTS Area U3ai 37°02′38″N 116°01′55″W / 37.04393°N 116.03186°W | 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 240.33 m (788.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 8 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | similar to HT-II Mercury and Oberon. | |
| Hoosic | March 28, 1962 18:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9j 37°07′28″N 116°02′05″W / 37.12437°N 116.03483°W | 1,264 m (4,147 ft) - 186.84 m (613.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-45 ? | 3.4 kt | Venting detected, 10 kCi (370 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Test to determine minimum boosted yield for device previously tested in Mad and Stillwater, predicted yield 2-3.5 kt, similar to Hudson and Arikaree. |
| Chinchilla II | March 31, 1962 18:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U3as 37°02′49″N 116°02′16″W / 37.04687°N 116.03776°W | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 136.67 m (448.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 10 Ci (370 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Retest of Chinchilla I which was not 1-point safe, similar to Stoat. | |
| Dormouse Prime | April 5, 1962 18:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U3az 37°02′40″N 116°01′27″W / 37.04446°N 116.02425°W | 1,197 m (3,927 ft) - 261.03 m (856.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 10.6 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Yield verification test, design yield 10.5 kt, boron lined shot hole, similar to Dormouse, Mink, Fisher, Raccoon, Packrat, HT-I Linden, HT-II Quay. | |
| Passaic | April 6, 1962 18:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9l (i?) 37°07′03″N 116°02′42″W / 37.11762°N 116.04487°W | 1,248 m (4,094 ft) - 233.48 m (766.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 9 kt | Venting detected, 600 Ci (22,000 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Verification test. | |
| Hudson | April 12, 1962 18:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9n (h?) 37°07′38″N 116°02′45″W / 37.12719°N 116.04577°W | 1,253 m (4,111 ft) - 150.88 m (495.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | W45 ? | 1 kt | Venting detected, 500 Ci (18,000 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | similar to Arikaree, Hoosic, Codsaw'. |
| Platte | April 14, 1962 18:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U12k.01 37°13′19″N 116°09′30″W / 37.22198°N 116.15832°W | 1,695 m (5,561 ft) - 170.69 m (560.0 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapons development | 1.9 kt | Venting detected off site, 1.9 MCi (70 PBq) | [1][3][5][6][7] | Yield reproducibility test, failed, retested in Des Moines. | |
| Dead | April 21, 1962 18:00:40.16 | PST | NTS Area U9k 37°07′08″N 116°01′57″W / 37.11895°N 116.03237°W | 1,272 m (4,173 ft) - 193.24 m (634.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3 kt | Venting detected, 40 kCi (1,500 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | ||
| Black | April 27, 1962 18:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9p 37°07′06″N 116°02′19″W / 37.11843°N 116.03857°W | 1,259 m (4,131 ft) - 217.63 m (714.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-55 | 5 kt | Venting detected, 150 Ci (5,600 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Thermonuke mockup. |
| Paca | May 7, 1962 19:00:33.14 | PST | NTS Area U3ax 37°02′48″N 116°01′32″W / 37.04654°N 116.02567°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 258.32 m (847.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 8 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 10 Ci (370 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Test of "100 lb/100 Kt" class device. | |
| Arikaree | May 10, 1962 15:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9r 37°07′39″N 116°02′57″W / 37.12754°N 116.04917°W | 1,254 m (4,114 ft) - 166.73 m (547.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | W45 ? | less than 20 kt | Venting detected, 2 kCi (74 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][6][7] | similar to Hudson, Hoosic, Codsaw. |
| Aardvark | May 12, 1962 19:00:00.1 | PST | NTS Area U3am(s) 37°03′54″N 116°01′51″W / 37.06512°N 116.03092°W | 1,214 m (3,983 ft) - 434.04 m (1,424.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | TX-33Y2 AFAP | 40 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 10 Ci (370 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | One of only four gun-type weapons ever tested, along with Little Boy, Grable and Laplace. The TX-33 was a gun shell. |
| Eel | May 19, 1962 15:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U9m 37°07′21″N 116°02′53″W / 37.12256°N 116.04809°W | 1,253 m (4,111 ft) - 217.63 m (714.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 4.5 kt | Venting detected on site, 1.9 MCi (70 PBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Successful. | |
| White | May 25, 1962 15:00:00.15 | PST | NTS Area U9b 37°07′29″N 116°03′10″W / 37.12479°N 116.05287°W | 1,253 m (4,111 ft) - 192.63 m (632.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-58 primary ? | 8 kt | Venting detected, 1.6 kCi (59 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Similar to Sacramento. |
| Raccoon | June 1, 1962 17:00:00.14 | PST | NTS Area U3ajs 37°02′44″N 116°02′07″W / 37.04556°N 116.03534°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 164.25 m (538.9 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3 kt | [1][3][4][5][8] | Successful, similar to Dormouse, Dormouse Prime, Mink, Fisher, Packrat, HT-I Linden, HT-II Quay. | ||
| Packrat | June 6, 1962 17:00:00.12 | PST | NTS Area U3aw 37°02′44″N 116°02′25″W / 37.04567°N 116.04015°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 261.98 m (859.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 13 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Successful (see above for similarities), investigated internal initiator to improve safety, increase yield, reduce weight 10 lb (4.5 kg). | |
| Des Moines | June 13, 1962 21:00:00.12 | PST | NTS Area U12j.01 37°13′20″N 116°09′47″W / 37.22217°N 116.16301°W | 1,696 m (5,564 ft) - 185.93 m (610.0 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapons development | 2.9 kt | Venting detected off site, 11 MCi (410 PBq) | [1][3][5][6][7] | similar to Platte. | |
| Daman I | June 21, 1962 17:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U3be 37°02′35″N 116°01′52″W / 37.04303°N 116.03103°W | 1,197 m (3,927 ft) - 260.4 m (854 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 11 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Successful. | |
| Haymaker | June 27, 1962 18:00:00.12 | PST | NTS Area U3au(s) 37°02′30″N 116°02′10″W / 37.04154°N 116.03612°W | 1,196 m (3,924 ft) - 408.56 m (1,340.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | Moccasin | 67 kt | Venting detected on site, less than 150 Ci (5,600 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | Possible Mocassin device (tested in Project 58 #2, HT-II Hidalgo). |
| Marshmallow | June 28, 1962 17:00:00.11 | PST | NTS Area U16a 37°00′33″N 116°12′07″W / 37.00906°N 116.20193°W | 2,241 m (7,352 ft) - 310.9 m (1,020 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapon effect | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 35 kCi (1,300 TBq) | [1][3][5][6][7] | Simulated high altitude effects shot in low pressure chamber, successful, x-ray effects of re-entry vehicles investigated. | |
| Sacramento | June 30, 1962 21:00:30.16 | PST | NTS Area U9v 37°07′03″N 116°02′54″W / 37.11737°N 116.04829°W | 1,246 m (4,088 ft) - 149.05 m (489.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | XW-58 | 4 kt | I-131 venting detected, less than 1 kCi (37 TBq) | [1][3][4][5][8][7] | similar to White device. |
- ↑ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China have not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions - Soviet peaceful explosions were named). A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also named the individual explosions in such a test,which results in "<name> - 1(with <other_name>)".
- ↑ To compute local standard time "PST" (Pacific ST) from UT, subtract 8 hours from the UT. If that time is less then 00:00, add 24 hours and decrease the date by one day.
- ↑ To compute local standard time "MST" (Mountain ST) from UT, subtract 7 hours from the UT. If that time is less then 00:00, add 24 hours and decrease the date by one day.
- ↑ Rough place name and a Latitude/Longitude reference; for rocket bursts, the launch location is specified before the burst location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
- ↑ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number/units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero.
- ↑ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, barge and cratering are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT.
- ↑ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ↑ Designations for test items where known, nicknames for particular devices in quotes.
- ↑ Estimated energy yield in tonnes, kilotonnes, and megatonnes (all metric units).
- ↑ Emissions to atmosphere, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it's all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and everything if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, and the maximum amount of radiation released.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (DOENV-209 REV15). Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. 2000-12-01. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- ↑ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Nougat.html
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl. CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3). SMDC Monitoring Research.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 Hansen, Chuck (1995). The Swords of Armageddon, Vol. 8. Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791915-1-0.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 Official list of underground nuclear explosions. Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1). DOE Nevada Operations Office. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 "Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2". National Cancer Institute. 1997. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 Bolt, Bruce A. (1976). Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sublette, Carey. "Nuclear Weapons Archive". Retrieved 2014-01-06.
- ↑ Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (25 September 1998). Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site. Nuclear Science and Technology Division.
- Norris, Robert Standish, and Thomas B. Cochran (1 Feb 1994). "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992". Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper. NWD 94-1publisher=Natural Resources Defense Council (Washington, DC). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
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