Operation Grommet
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| Operation Grommet | |
|---|---|
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test site | Amichitka Island, Alaska; NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa; NTS Area 16, Shoshone Mountain; NTS Areas 5, 11, Frenchman Flat; NTS, Areas 1-4, 6-10, Yucca Flat |
| Period | 1971-1972 |
| Number of tests | 34 |
| Test type | Underground shaft, Underground tunnel |
| Max. yield | 250 tonnes of TNT (1,000 GJ) - 4.8 megatonnes of TNT (20 PJ) |
| Navigation | |
| Previous test series | Emery |
| Next test series | Toggle |
Operation Grommet[1] was a series of 34 nuclear tests conducted by the United States in 1971-1972 at the Nevada Test Site, and one in Amchitka, Alaska. These tests followed Emery and preceded Toggle.
Cannikin was the largest U.S underground nuclear detonation, at Amchitka Island, Alaska on November 6, 1971, with a yield of "less than 5 Megatons".
The United States test series summary table is here: United States' nuclear testing series.
The detonations [Note 1]in the United States' Grommet series are listed below:
| Name[Note 2] | Date Time (UT) | Local time zone[Note 3] | Location[Note 5] | Elevation + Height[Note 6] | Delivery[Note 7] | Purpose[Note 8] | Device[Note 9] | Yield[Note 10] | Venting[Note 11] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diamond Mine | July 1, 1971 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U16a.06 37°00′41″N 116°12′15″W / 37.01148°N 116.20427°W | 1,896 m (6,220 ft) - 266.15 m (873.2 ft) | Underground tunnel | Joint verification | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | Designed to test detection of underground nuclear tests; see Vela Uniform. | ||
| Miniata | July 8, 1971 14:00:00.082 | PST | NTS Area U2bu 37°06′37″N 116°03′10″W / 37.11018°N 116.05268°W | 1,247 m (4,091 ft) - 528.83 m (1,735.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Peaceful research | 83 kt | Venting detected, 180 Ci (6,700 GBq) | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | Project Plowshare - Device development. | |
| Bracken | July 9, 1971 14:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U10aq 37°09′52″N 116°02′01″W / 37.1644°N 116.0336°W | 1,297 m (4,255 ft) - 304.8 m (1,000 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 250 t | Venting detected, 1 Ci (37 GBq) | [1][2][3][7][5] | ||
| Apodaca | July 21, 1971 13:00:33.05 | PST | NTS Area U3gs 37°00′52″N 115°59′34″W / 37.01436°N 115.99265°W | 1,195 m (3,921 ft) - 241.4 m (792 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 250 t | [1][2][3][7] | |||
| Barranca | August 4, 1971 13:00:30.042 | PST | NTS Area U3he 37°01′34″N 116°01′13″W / 37.02606°N 116.02031°W | 1,187 m (3,894 ft) - 270.74 m (888.3 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Nama-Amarylis - 1 | August 5, 1971 18:07:45.2 | PST | NTS Area U9itsxy3 37°08′42″N 116°02′03″W / 37.14503°N 116.03417°W | 1,273 m (4,177 ft) - 272.8 m (895 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Nama-Mephisto - 2 | August 5, 1971 18:07:45.2 | PST | NTS Area U9itsz27 37°08′26″N 116°01′56″W / 37.14062°N 116.03214°W | 1,276 m (4,186 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Baltic | August 6, 1971 14:00:31.16 | PST | NTS Area U9itss25 37°08′18″N 116°02′31″W / 37.13843°N 116.04182°W | 1,260 m (4,130 ft) - 411.48 m (1,350.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Algodones | August 18, 1971 14:00:00.03 | PST | NTS Area U3jn 37°03′26″N 116°02′14″W / 37.05715°N 116.0372°W | 1,206 m (3,957 ft) - 527.61 m (1,731.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 67 kt | [1][2][3][4][8] | |||
| Frijoles-Deming - 1 | September 22, 1971 14:00:00.037 | PST | NTS Area U3jw 37°01′18″N 116°01′01″W / 37.02158°N 116.01694°W | 1,186 m (3,891 ft) - 149.86 m (491.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | 500 t | [1][2][3][7] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Frijoles-Espuela - 2 | September 22, 1971 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3ju 37°01′22″N 116°01′01″W / 37.02268°N 116.01707°W | 1,186 m (3,891 ft) + | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 5 kt | [1][2][3] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Frijoles-Guaje - 3 | September 22, 1971 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3hf 37°01′28″N 116°00′58″W / 37.02438°N 116.01603°W | 1,186 m (3,891 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 5 kt | [1][2][3] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Frijoles-Petaca - 4 | September 22, 1971 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3hz 37°01′19″N 116°01′11″W / 37.02193°N 116.01963°W | 1,185 m (3,888 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 5 kt | [1][2][3] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Pedernal | September 29, 1971 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3hg 37°00′40″N 116°00′29″W / 37.01101°N 116.00809°W | 1,180 m (3,870 ft) - 378.68 m (1,242.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 4 kt | [1][2][3][8] | |||
| Chantilly | September 29, 1971 14:00:30.14 | PST | NTS Area U2di 37°07′28″N 116°05′17″W / 37.12447°N 116.08798°W | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) - 330.71 m (1,085.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Cathay | October 8, 1971 14:00:30.15 | PST | NTS Area U9ch 37°06′49″N 116°02′18″W / 37.11373°N 116.0382°W | 1,261 m (4,137 ft) - 377.95 m (1,240.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 7 kt | [1][2][3][4][7] | |||
| Lagoon | October 14, 1971 14:00:30.16 | PST | NTS Area U10ar 37°10′48″N 116°03′14″W / 37.17987°N 116.05396°W | 1,286 m (4,219 ft) - 304.8 m (1,000 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 5 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Cannikin | November 6, 1971 22:00:00.06 | HAST | Amichitka Island, Alaska 51°28′12″N 179°06′24″E / 51.4699°N 179.10671°E | 63 m (207 ft) - 1,790 m (5,870 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 4.8 Mt | [1][2][4] | A test of the Spartan ABM warhead. The largest underground nuclear test ever. Greenpeace started with protests of this test. | ||
| Diagonal Line | November 24, 1971 20:00:15.17 | PST | NTS Area U11g 36°52′45″N 115°56′09″W / 36.8793°N 115.93587°W | 1,010 m (3,310 ft) - 264.26 m (867.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapon effect | 4 kt | Venting detected off site, 6.8 kCi (250 TBq) | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | Picture of the "Ship of the Desert", a structure for capturing neutrons for experiments with this test: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NNSA-NSO-1347.jpg. | |
| Parnassia | November 30, 1971 15:00:45.15 | PST | NTS Area U2bc 37°09′38″N 116°04′16″W / 37.16045°N 116.07112°W | 1,302 m (4,272 ft) - 330.71 m (1,085.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 10 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Chaenactis | December 14, 1971 21:09:59.16 | PST | NTS Area U2dl 37°07′26″N 116°05′26″W / 37.12393°N 116.09049°W | 1,281 m (4,203 ft) - 331.01 m (1,086.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 24 kt | [1][2][3][4][7] | |||
| Hospah | December 14, 1971 21:01:01.04 | PST | NTS Area U3je 37°01′33″N 116°01′48″W / 37.02584°N 116.02992°W | 1,188 m (3,898 ft) - 302.03 m (990.9 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 11 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Yerba | December 14, 1971 21:01:01.04 | PST | NTS Area U1c 37°01′24″N 116°03′34″W / 37.02322°N 116.05947°W | 1,202 m (3,944 ft) - 331.99 m (1,089.2 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 5 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Mescalero | January 5, 1972 15:00:10.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gu 37°02′44″N 116°01′49″W / 37.04565°N 116.03032°W | 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 120.24 m (394.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Cowles | February 3, 1972 21:00:45.04 | PST | NTS Area U3hx 37°00′04″N 116°01′13″W / 37.00105°N 116.02016°W | 1,178 m (3,865 ft) - 301.78 m (990.1 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | [1][2][3][7][9] | |||
| Dianthus | February 17, 1972 19:00:02.16 | PST | NTS Area U10at 37°09′56″N 116°03′26″W / 37.16566°N 116.05711°W | 1,279 m (4,196 ft) - 304.8 m (1,000 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3.5 kt | Venting detected, 18 Ci (670 GBq) | [1][2][3][7][5] | ||
| Sappho | March 23, 1972 18:00:50.16 | PST | NTS Area U2dh2 37°06′47″N 116°04′54″W / 37.113°N 116.08169°W | 1,266 m (4,154 ft) - 197.82 m (649.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 4 kt | Venting detected, 9 Ci (330 GBq) | [1][2][3][5][9] | ||
| Ocate - 2 (with Onaja) | March 30, 1972 21:00:00.08 | PST | NTS Area U3jp 37°00′16″N 116°00′56″W / 37.00449°N 116.01565°W | 1,179 m (3,868 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Onaja - 1 (with Ocate) | March 30, 1972 21:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3js 37°00′20″N 116°01′15″W / 37.0055°N 116.02078°W | 1,180 m (3,870 ft) - 279.04 m (915.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 8 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Longchamps | April 19, 1972 16:00:32.16 | PST | NTS Area U2dm 37°07′19″N 116°05′05″W / 37.12204°N 116.08486°W | 1,276 m (4,186 ft) - 326.44 m (1,071.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 8 kt | [1][2][3][4] | |||
| Jicarilla | April 19, 1972 16:00:42.05 | PST | NTS Area U3jm 37°00′24″N 116°01′02″W / 37.00661°N 116.01734°W | 1,180 m (3,870 ft) - 148.11 m (485.9 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Misty North | May 2, 1972 19:00:15.04 | PST | NTS Area U12n.05 37°12′27″N 116°12′35″W / 37.20762°N 116.20963°W | 2,199 m (7,215 ft) - 376.08 m (1,233.9 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapon effect | 19 kt | [1][2][3][7][8] | |||
| Kara | May 11, 1972 14:00:00.16 | PST | NTS Area U2dh3 37°06′45″N 116°05′07″W / 37.11247°N 116.08525°W | 1,267 m (4,157 ft) - 259.08 m (850.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 500 t | Venting detected, 7 Ci (260 GBq) | [1][2][3][7][5] | ||
| Zinnia | May 17, 1972 14:00:10.16 | PST | NTS Area U2dk 37°07′14″N 116°05′20″W / 37.12056°N 116.08883°W | 1,277 m (4,190 ft) - 322.78 m (1,059.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 8 kt | Venting detected, 7 Ci (260 GBq) | [1][2][3][4][7][6] | ||
| Monero | May 19, 1972 17:00:00.05 | PST | NTS Area U3jg 37°03′53″N 116°00′09″W / 37.06469°N 116.0025°W | 1,245 m (4,085 ft) - 537.35 m (1,763.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 12 kt | [1][2][3][8] | |||
| Merida | June 7, 1972 15:00:20.16 | PST | NTS Area U2dn 37°06′57″N 116°05′10″W / 37.11584°N 116.08605°W | 1,271 m (4,170 ft) - 204.22 m (670.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 800 t | Venting detected, 10 Ci (370 GBq) | [1][2][3][7][5] | ||
| Capitan | June 28, 1972 14:00:41.19 | PST | NTS Area U3jj 36°59′33″N 116°01′23″W / 36.99256°N 116.02302°W | 1,175 m (3,855 ft) - 134.48 m (441.2 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 600 t | [1][2][3][7] | |||
| Tajique | June 28, 1972 16:00:30.07 | PST | NTS Area U7aa 37°04′10″N 115°59′34″W / 37.06958°N 115.99286°W | 1,274 m (4,180 ft) - 332.31 m (1,090.3 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Haplopappus | June 28, 1972 16:03:03.16 | PST | NTS Area U9itsw22 37°08′07″N 116°02′10″W / 37.13515°N 116.03614°W | 1,264 m (4,147 ft) - 184.4 m (605 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 6 kt | [1][2][3] |
- ↑ A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". Mikhailov, V. N., Editor in Chief. Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing. Begell-Atom, LLC.
- ↑ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China have not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions - Soviet peaceful explosions were named). A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also named the individual explosions in such a test,which results in "<name> - 1(with <other_name>)".
- ↑ To compute local standard time "HAST" (Hawaii-Aleutians ST) from UT, subtract 10 hours from the UT. If that time is less then 00:00, add 24 hours and decrease the date by one day.
- ↑ To compute local standard time "PST" (Pacific ST) from UT, subtract 8 hours from the UT. If that time is less then 00:00, add 24 hours and decrease the date by one day.
- ↑ Rough place name and a Latitude/Longitude reference; for rocket bursts, the launch location is specified before the burst location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area. If test is canceled or aborted, then row data is intended plans.
- ↑ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number/units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero.
- ↑ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, barge and cratering are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT.
- ↑ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ↑ Designations for test items where known, nicknames for particular devices in quotes.
- ↑ Estimated energy yield in tonnes, kilotonnes, and megatonnes (all metric units).
- ↑ Emissions to atmosphere, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it's all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and everything if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, and the maximum amount of radiation released.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (DOENV-209 REV15). Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. 2000-12-01. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl. CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3). SMDC Monitoring Research.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 Official list of underground nuclear explosions. Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Bolt, Bruce A. (1976). Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1). DOE Nevada Operations Office. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2". National Cancer Institute. 1997. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (1 February 1994). "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)". Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper (Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (25 September 1998). Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site. Nuclear Science and Technology Division.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Operation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F). Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
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