Operation Crosstie
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| Operation Crosstie | |
|---|---|
 Crosstie Buggy, a row excavation test using five detonations in a row | |
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test site | Central Nevada; near Farmington, New Mexico; NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa; NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa; NTS Area 30, Dome Mountain; NTS Areas 5, 11, Frenchman Flat; NTS, Areas 1-4, 6-10, Yucca Flat |
| Period | 1967-1968 |
| Number of tests | 48 |
| Test type | Cratering (shallow sub surface), Underground shaft, Underground tunnel |
| Max. yield | 200 tonnes of TNT (840 GJ) - 1.3 megatonnes of TNT (5.4 PJ) |
| Navigation | |
| Previous test series | Latchkey |
| Next test series | Bowline |
Operation Crosstie[1] was a series of 48 nuclear tests mostly conducted in Nevada during 1967 and 1968. These tests followed the Latchkey series and preceded Bowline.
The blast designated Gasbuggy involved an underground detonation, intended to stimulate production of natural gas by cracking the rock in the underground formation of its deposit. The test proceeded as expected, but not only did the production not increase as much as expected, but the customers also refused to buy gas contaminated with traces of radioisotopes.
Buggy was a Plowshare test designed to excavate a channel. It was a simultaneous detonation of 5 devices, placed 150 feet (46 m) apart and 150 feet (46 m) below the surface that resulted in a channel 300 feet (91 m) wide, 900 feet long, and 80 feet (24 m) deep .[2]
The Faultless test was a calibration test conducted in a mine cavity 3,200 feet beneath the Hot Creek Valley near Tonopah, Nevada, with a yield of around 1 megatons. This test was conducted to see if the land was fit for testing a 5 megaton thermonuclear warhead for the Spartan missile.[3] The test failed because of the large degree of faulting that resulted in the area around the test. It was decided that the land was unfit for multi-megaton nuclear tests, so a similar calibration test was conducted at Amchitka Island, Alaska, in the fall of 1969 during Operation Mandrel.
The United States test series summary table is here: United States' nuclear testing series.
The detonations [Note 1]in the United States' Crosstie series are listed below:
| Name[Note 2] | Date Time (UT) | Local time zone[Note 3] | Location[Note 5] | Elevation + Height[Note 6] | Delivery[Note 7] | Purpose[Note 8] | Device[Note 9] | Yield[Note 10] | Venting[Note 11] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vito | July 14, 1967 13:00:30.08 | PST | NTS Area U10ab 37°09′55″N 116°02′45″W / 37.1652°N 116.0458°W | 1,278 m (4,193 ft) - 90.83 m (298.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 20 kt | [1][4][5] | |||
| Stanley | July 27, 1967 13:00:00.12 | PST | NTS Area U10g 37°08′56″N 116°02′58″W / 37.14879°N 116.04938°W | 1,265 m (4,150 ft) - 483.72 m (1,587.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 22 kt | Venting detected, 37 Ci (1,400 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | ||
| Gibson | August 4, 1967 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3ew 37°01′28″N 116°00′47″W / 37.02431°N 116.01315°W | 1,186 m (3,891 ft) - 240.76 m (789.9 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1.5 kt | [1][4][5][9][10] | |||
| Washer | August 10, 1967 14:00:10.0 | PST | NTS Area U10r 37°09′24″N 116°02′53″W / 37.15665°N 116.04815°W | 1,271 m (4,170 ft) - 467.41 m (1,533.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected, 0.5 Ci (19 GBq) | [1][4][5][7][8] | ||
| Bordeaux | August 18, 1967 20:01:32.04 | PST | NTS Area U3dr 37°00′44″N 116°02′14″W / 37.01219°N 116.03717°W | 1,183 m (3,881 ft) - 332.02 m (1,089.3 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 18 kt | [1][4][5][6][9] | |||
| Lexington | August 24, 1967 13:00:30.0 | PST | NTS Area U2bm 37°09′46″N 116°04′30″W / 37.16266°N 116.07504°W | 1,310 m (4,300 ft) - 227.69 m (747.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 800 t | Venting detected, 1.1 kCi (41 TBq) | [1][4][5][9][7] | ||
| Door Mist | August 31, 1967 16:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U12g.07 37°10′39″N 116°12′35″W / 37.17751°N 116.20982°W | 2,295 m (7,530 ft) - 435.86 m (1,430.0 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapon effect | 20 kt | Venting detected off site, 690 kCi (26,000 TBq) | [1][4][5][9][7][8] | ||
| Yard | September 7, 1967 13:00:45.0 | PST | NTS Area U10af 37°09′11″N 116°03′13″W / 37.15301°N 116.0536°W | 1,270 m (4,170 ft) - 520.6 m (1,708 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 22 kt | Venting detected, 0.3 Ci (11 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | ||
| Gilroy | September 15, 1967 17:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U3ex 37°02′05″N 116°01′18″W / 37.03484°N 116.0216°W | 1,191 m (3,907 ft) - 240.63 m (789.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected | [1][4][5][7] | ||
| Marvel | September 21, 1967 20:00:45.0 | PST | NTS Area U10ds1 37°09′57″N 116°02′21″W / 37.16595°N 116.03929°W | 1,288 m (4,226 ft) - 174.35 m (572.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Peaceful research | 2.2 kt | Venting detected on site, 27 Ci (1,000 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | Plowshare - explore underground phenomena concerning emplacement techniques. | |
| Zaza | September 27, 1967 17:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U4c 37°05′56″N 116°03′15″W / 37.09889°N 116.05403°W | 1,240 m (4,070 ft) - 667 m (2,188 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 160 kt | [1][4][5][6][11] | |||
| Lanpher | October 18, 1967 14:00:30.08 | PST | NTS Area U2x 37°06′56″N 116°03′31″W / 37.11554°N 116.05848°W | 1,255 m (4,117 ft) - 714.2 m (2,343 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 160 kt | Venting detected, 5 Ci (180 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | ||
| Cognac | October 25, 1967 14:00:30.14 | PST | NTS Area U3fm 37°02′59″N 116°02′26″W / 37.04975°N 116.04044°W | 1,202 m (3,944 ft) - 240.39 m (788.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 0.064 Ci (2.4 GBq) | [1][4][5][7][8] | ||
| Sazerac | October 25, 1967 14:00:30.06 | PST | NTS Area U3fa 37°01′54″N 116°01′38″W / 37.0316°N 116.02709°W | 1,191 m (3,907 ft) - 301.34 m (988.6 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 9 kt | Venting detected, 0.1 Ci (3.7 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | ||
| Worth | October 25, 1967 14:00:45.08 | PST | NTS Area U10ag 37°09′23″N 116°02′58″W / 37.15629°N 116.04946°W | 1,269 m (4,163 ft) - 197 m (646 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected, 40 Ci (1,500 GBq) | [1][4][5][7] | ||
| Cobbler | November 8, 1967 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U7u 37°05′30″N 116°02′12″W / 37.09176°N 116.03667°W | 1,242 m (4,075 ft) - 667.12 m (2,188.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 20 kt | [1][4][5][11] | |||
| Polka | December 6, 1967 13:00:00.0 | PST | NTS Area U10ai 37°09′33″N 116°03′14″W / 37.15922°N 116.05382°W | 1,273 m (4,177 ft) - 195.01 m (639.8 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 200 t | Venting detected, 380 Ci (14,000 GBq) | [1][4][5][9][7] | ||
| Gasbuggy | December 10, 1967 19:00:30.14 | MST | near Farmington, New Mexico 36°40′40″N 107°12′32″W / 36.6778°N 107.2089°W | 2,179 m (7,149 ft) - 1,290 m (4,230 ft) | Underground shaft | Peaceful research | 29 kt | [1][4] | Project Plowshare - stimulate gas prodction in a low permeability field. | ||
| Stilt | December 15, 1967 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fh 37°02′12″N 116°00′10″W / 37.03666°N 116.00273°W | 1,204 m (3,950 ft) - 332.43 m (1,090.6 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | [1][4][5][9][11] | |||
| Hupmobile | January 18, 1968 16:00:30.13 | PST | NTS Area U2y 37°08′44″N 116°04′00″W / 37.14554°N 116.06654°W | 1,287 m (4,222 ft) - 246.89 m (810.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapon effect | 7.4 kt | Venting detected off site, 120 kCi (4,400 TBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | ||
| Staccato | January 19, 1968 15:00:00.0 | PST | NTS Area U10ah 37°09′23″N 116°03′17″W / 37.15633°N 116.05475°W | 1,272 m (4,173 ft) - 443.48 m (1,455.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 50 kt | Venting detected, 8 Ci (300 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | ||
| Faultless | January 19, 1968 18:00:15.08 | PST | Central Nevada 38°38′03″N 116°12′58″W / 38.63421°N 116.21622°W | 1,866 m (6,122 ft) - 980 m (3,220 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapon effect | 1 Mt | [1][4][9][11] | A calibration test for a 5 Mt Spartan test; due to geological failure (local faulting on the site), test Adagio cancelled, and moved to Amchitka Island in Alaska; see Milrow and Cannikin. | ||
| Brush | January 24, 1968 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3eq 37°02′34″N 116°00′53″W / 37.04277°N 116.01466°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 118.3 m (388 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 0.00002 Ci (0.00074 GBq) | [1][4][5][7][8] | ||
| Cabriolet | January 26, 1968 16:00:00.11 | PST | NTS Area U20l 37°16′51″N 116°30′56″W / 37.28079°N 116.51544°W | 1,862 m (6,109 ft) - 51.82 m (170.0 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Peaceful research | 2.3 kt | Venting detected off site, 220 kCi (8,100 TBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8][12] | Project Plowshare - cratering mechanics in hard, dry rock, and radionuclide dispersal. | |
| Mallet | January 31, 1968 15:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fv 37°00′04″N 116°00′36″W / 37.00098°N 116.01002°W | 1,177 m (3,862 ft) - 240.27 m (788.3 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 4 kt | [1][4][5] | |||
| Torch | February 21, 1968 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fj 37°02′30″N 116°00′10″W / 37.04161°N 116.00269°W | 1,210 m (3,970 ft) - 240.55 m (789.2 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][4][5] | |||
| Knox | February 21, 1968 15:00:30.0 | PST | NTS Area U2at 37°06′59″N 116°03′16″W / 37.11651°N 116.05456°W | 1,253 m (4,111 ft) - 644.8 m (2,115 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 200 kt | Venting detected, 160 Ci (5,900 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | ||
| Dorsal Fin | February 29, 1968 17:00:38.04 | PST | NTS Area U12e.10 37°11′04″N 116°12′44″W / 37.18456°N 116.21232°W | 2,260 m (7,410 ft) - 410.06 m (1,345.3 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapon effect | 20 kt | [1][4][5][9][11] | |||
| Russet | March 5, 1968 15:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U6a 36°58′12″N 116°03′24″W / 36.97002°N 116.05653°W | 1,170 m (3,840 ft) - 119.79 m (393.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 29 Ci (1,100 GBq) | [1][4][5][7][8] | ||
| Buggy - 1 | March 12, 1968 17:00:04.11 | PST | NTS Area U30a 37°00′27″N 116°22′15″W / 37.00745°N 116.37086°W | 1,560 m (5,120 ft) - 50.29 m (165.0 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Peaceful research | 1.1 kt | Venting detected off site, 1.2 MCi (44 PBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8][12] | Simultaneous, separate holes. Project Plowshare - row charge experiment. | |
| Buggy - 2 | March 12, 1968 17:00:04.11 | PST | NTS Area U30b 37°00′27″N 116°22′17″W / 37.00759°N 116.37133°W | 1,560 m (5,120 ft) - 50.29 m (165.0 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Peaceful research | 1.1 kt | Venting detected off site | [1][4][5][8][12] | Simultaneous, separate holes. Project Plowshare - row charge experiment. | |
| Buggy - 3 | March 12, 1968 17:00:04.11 | PST | NTS Area U30c 37°00′28″N 116°22′19″W / 37.00773°N 116.37181°W | 1,561 m (5,121 ft) - 50.29 m (165.0 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Peaceful research | 1.1 kt | Venting detected off site | [1][4][5][8][12] | Simultaneous, separate holes. Project Plowshare - row charge experiment. | |
| Buggy - 4 | March 12, 1968 17:00:04.11 | PST | NTS Area U30d 37°00′28″N 116°22′20″W / 37.00788°N 116.37229°W | 1,560 m (5,120 ft) - 50.29 m (165.0 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Peaceful research | 1.1 kt | Venting detected off site | [1][4][5][8][12] | Simultaneous, separate holes. Project Plowshare - row charge experiment. | |
| Buggy - 5 | March 12, 1968 17:00:04.11 | PST | NTS Area U30e 37°00′29″N 116°22′22″W / 37.00803°N 116.37277°W | 1,560 m (5,120 ft) - 50.29 m (165.0 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Peaceful research | 1.1 kt | Venting detected off site | [1][4][5][8][12] | Simultaneous, separate holes. Project Plowshare - row charge experiment. | |
| Pommard | March 14, 1968 15:00:19.06 | PST | NTS Area U3ee 37°02′52″N 116°00′42″W / 37.0477°N 116.01155°W | 1,208 m (3,963 ft) - 209.1 m (686 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1.5 kt | [1][4][5][6] | |||
| Stinger | March 22, 1968 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U19l 37°19′57″N 116°18′42″W / 37.33256°N 116.31155°W | 2,035 m (6,677 ft) - 667.76 m (2,190.8 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 120 kt | [1][4][5][6][9] | |||
| Milk Shake | March 25, 1968 18:44:27.04 | PST | NTS Area U5k 36°52′18″N 115°55′55″W / 36.87168°N 115.932°W | 993 m (3,258 ft) - 264.57 m (868.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapon effect | 10 kt | Venting detected on site, 30 Ci (1,100 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][9][8] | ||
| Bevel | April 4, 1968 15:00:02.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fu 37°03′08″N 116°01′18″W / 37.0523°N 116.02162°W | 1,205 m (3,953 ft) - 240.75 m (789.9 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][4][5] | |||
| Noor - 1 (with Throw) | April 10, 1968 14:00:00.0 | PST | NTS Area U2be 37°09′16″N 116°04′47″W / 37.15434°N 116.07973°W | 1,310 m (4,300 ft) - 381.81 m (1,252.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 20 kt | Venting detected, 1 Ci (37 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][9][8] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | |
| Throw - 2 (with Noor) | April 10, 1968 14:00:00.0 | PST | NTS Area U2bg 37°09′24″N 116°05′00″W / 37.15667°N 116.08323°W | 1,316 m (4,318 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | [1][4][5] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Shuffle | April 18, 1968 14:00:05.0 | PST | NTS Area U10t 37°09′08″N 116°02′18″W / 37.15236°N 116.03826°W | 1,279 m (4,196 ft) - 493.47 m (1,619.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 20 kt | Venting detected, 19 Ci (700 GBq) | [1][4][5][6][7][8] | ||
| Scroll | April 23, 1968 17:00:31.08 | PST | NTS Area U19n 37°20′16″N 116°22′35″W / 37.33767°N 116.37647°W | 2,032 m (6,667 ft) - 228.6 m (750 ft) | Underground shaft | Joint verification | 6 kt | Venting detected on site, 18 kCi (670 TBq) | [1][4][5][9][7][8] | Designed to test detection of underground nuclear tests; see Vela Uniform. | |
| Boxcar | April 26, 1968 15:00:00.07 | PST | NTS Area U20i - 37°17′42″N 116°27′26″W / 37.29488°N 116.45714°W | 1,914 m (6,280 ft) - 1,160.89 m (3,808.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1.3 Mt | [1][4][5][6] | |||
| Hatchet | May 3, 1968 16:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fz 37°01′43″N 116°01′14″W / 37.02853°N 116.0206°W | 1,188 m (3,898 ft) - 240.53 m (789.1 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | [1][4][5][9][10] | |||
| Crock | May 8, 1968 14:00:10.0 | PST | NTS Area U10ak 37°09′26″N 116°02′09″W / 37.15731°N 116.03582°W | 1,289 m (4,229 ft) - 181.76 m (596.3 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1 kt | Venting detected, 140 Ci (5,200 GBq) | [1][4][5][9][7] | ||
| Clarksmobile | May 17, 1968 13:00:00.0 | PST | NTS Area U2as 37°07′12″N 116°03′35″W / 37.12001°N 116.0597°W | 1,259 m (4,131 ft) - 472.65 m (1,550.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 20 kt | [1][4][5][6][11] | |||
| Adze | May 28, 1968 14:00:45.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fw 37°00′31″N 115°59′46″W / 37.00861°N 115.99614°W | 1,188 m (3,898 ft) - 240.03 m (787.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][4][5][7][8] | ||
| Wembley | June 5, 1968 14:02:31.04 | PST | NTS Area U3ey 37°02′05″N 116°01′00″W / 37.03482°N 116.01678°W | 1,191 m (3,907 ft) - 238.09 m (781.1 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1.5 kt | [1][4][5][9][10] | |||
| Tub - 1 | June 6, 1968 21:00:30.0 | PST | NTS Area U10ajc 37°10′03″N 116°02′36″W / 37.16743°N 116.04336°W | 1,282 m (4,206 ft) - 188.98 m (620.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | unknown yield | [1][4][5][8] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Tub - 2 | June 6, 1968 21:00:30.0 | PST | NTS Area U10ajb 37°09′55″N 116°02′40″W / 37.16536°N 116.04431°W | 1,279 m (4,196 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | unknown yield | [1][4][5][8] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Tub - 3 | June 6, 1968 21:00:30.0 | PST | NTS Area U10ajf 37°09′55″N 116°02′30″W / 37.16535°N 116.04155°W | 1,283 m (4,209 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | unknown yield | [1][4][5][8] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Tub - 4 | June 6, 1968 21:00:30.0 | PST | NTS Area U10ajd 37°10′01″N 116°02′44″W / 37.16694°N 116.04568°W | 1,278 m (4,193 ft) - 273 m (896 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | unknown yield | Venting detected, 1.6 kCi (59 TBq) | [1][4][5][7][8] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | |
| Tub - 5 | June 6, 1968 21:00:30.0 | PST | NTS Area U10aja 37°10′01″N 116°02′35″W / 37.16693°N 116.04293°W | 1,282 m (4,206 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | unknown yield | [1][4][5][8] | Simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Rickey | June 15, 1968 13:59:59.97 | PST | NTS Area U19c 37°15′53″N 116°18′56″W / 37.26486°N 116.31552°W | 2,116 m (6,942 ft) - 683.28 m (2,241.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 200 kt | [1][4][5][6][9] | |||
| Funnel | June 25, 1968 15:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U3ga 37°02′47″N 116°01′52″W / 37.04631°N 116.03102°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 118.7 m (389 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 0.00002 Ci (0.00074 GBq) | [1][4][5][7][8] | ||
| Sevilla | June 25, 1968 15:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fk 37°02′30″N 115°59′35″W / 37.04156°N 115.99309°W | 1,226 m (4,022 ft) - 358.65 m (1,176.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 0.004 Ci (0.15 GBq) | [1][4][5][7][8] | ||
| Chateaugay | June 28, 1968 12:00:22.08 | PST | NTS Area U20t 37°14′44″N 116°29′02″W / 37.24547°N 116.4838°W | 1,876 m (6,155 ft) - 607.02 m (1,991.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 58 kt | [1][4][5][9][11] |
- ↑ A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". Mikhailov, V. N., Editor in Chief. Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing. Begell-Atom, LLC.
- ↑ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China have not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions - Soviet peaceful explosions were named). A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also named the individual explosions in such a test,which results in "<name> - 1(with <other_name>)".
- ↑ To compute local standard time "PST" (Pacific ST) from UT, subtract 8 hours from the UT. If that time is less then 00:00, add 24 hours and decrease the date by one day.
- ↑ To compute local standard time "MST" (Mountain ST) from UT, subtract 7 hours from the UT. If that time is less then 00:00, add 24 hours and decrease the date by one day.
- ↑ Rough place name and a Latitude/Longitude reference; for rocket bursts, the launch location is specified before the burst location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area. If test is canceled or aborted, then row data is intended plans.
- ↑ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number/units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero.
- ↑ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, barge and cratering are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT.
- ↑ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ↑ Designations for test items where known, nicknames for particular devices in quotes.
- ↑ Estimated energy yield in tonnes, kilotonnes, and megatonnes (all metric units).
- ↑ Emissions to atmosphere, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it's all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and everything if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, and the maximum amount of radiation released.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (DOENV-209 REV15). Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. 2000-12-01. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- ↑ Byrne, John; Rich, Daniel (1986). The Politics of Energy Research and Development, Energy Policy Studies, Volume 3. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88738-653-4.
- ↑ latimes
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl. CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3). SMDC Monitoring Research.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54 Official list of underground nuclear explosions. Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 Bolt, Bruce A. (1976). Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1). DOE Nevada Operations Office. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 "Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2". National Cancer Institute. 1997. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (1 February 1994). "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)". Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper (Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Operation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F). Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (25 September 1998). Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site. Nuclear Science and Technology Division.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Sublette, Carey. "Nuclear Weapons Archive". Retrieved 2014-01-06.
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