Operation Bowline
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| Operation Bowline | |
|---|---|
 Bowline Schooner | |
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test site | NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa; NTS Area 16, Shoshone Mountain; NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa; NTS Areas 5, 11, Frenchman Flat; NTS, Areas 1-4, 6-10, Yucca Flat |
| Period | 1968-1969 |
| Number of tests | 47 |
| Test type | Cratering (shallow sub surface), Underground shaft, Underground tunnel |
| Max. yield | 250 tonnes of TNT (1,000 GJ) - 1.2 megatonnes of TNT (5.0 PJ) |
| Navigation | |
| Previous test series | Crosstie |
| Next test series | Mandrel |
Operation Bowline[1] was a series of 47 nuclear test explosions conducted by the United States in 1968 and 1969 at the Nevada Test Site. These blasts followed Crosstie and preceded Mandrel.
The United States test series summary table is here: United States' nuclear testing series.
The detonations [Note 1]in the United States' Bowline series are listed below:
| Name[Note 2] | Date Time (UT) | Local time zone[Note 3] | Location[Note 4] | Elevation + Height[Note 5] | Delivery[Note 6] | Purpose[Note 7] | Device[Note 8] | Yield[Note 9] | Venting[Note 10] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spud | July 17, 1968 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fy 37°00′03″N 115°59′59″W / 37.00095°N 115.99962°W | 1,178 m (3,865 ft) - 240.29 m (788.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1.5 kt | [1][2][3][4] | |||
| Tanya | July 30, 1968 13:00:00.0 | PST | NTS Area U2dt 37°07′59″N 116°04′59″W / 37.13317°N 116.08312°W | 1,271 m (4,170 ft) - 381 m (1,250 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 20 kt | Venting detected, 140 Ci (5,200 GBq) | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Imp | August 9, 1968 13:00:00.0 | PST | NTS Area U2bj 37°09′42″N 116°04′41″W / 37.16176°N 116.07808°W | 1,314 m (4,311 ft) - 178.46 m (585.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 350 t | Venting detected on site, 4.2 kCi (160 TBq) | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Rack | August 15, 1968 17:00:00.0 | PST | NTS Area U9ap 37°07′25″N 116°02′57″W / 37.12373°N 116.0491°W | 1,254 m (4,114 ft) - 199.72 m (655.2 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1 kt | Venting detected, 10 Ci (370 GBq) | [1][2][3][4][5] | ||
| Diana Moon | August 27, 1968 16:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U11e 36°52′38″N 115°55′55″W / 36.87718°N 115.93195°W | 1,004 m (3,294 ft) - 242.01 m (794.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapon effect | 9 kt | Venting detected on site, 12 kCi (440 TBq) | [1][2][3][7][5][6] | ||
| Sled | August 29, 1968 22:00:45.04 | PST | NTS Area U19j 37°15′01″N 116°20′52″W / 37.25028°N 116.34777°W | 2,057 m (6,749 ft) - 728.88 m (2,391.3 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 200 kt | [1][2][3][4][8] | |||
| Noggin | September 6, 1968 14:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U9bx 37°08′09″N 116°02′54″W / 37.13597°N 116.04824°W | 1,259 m (4,131 ft) - 581.99 m (1,909.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 120 kt | Venting detected, 16 Ci (590 GBq) | [1][2][3][7][5][6] | ||
| Knife-A | September 12, 1968 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fb 37°01′54″N 116°00′45″W / 37.03178°N 116.01237°W | 1,190 m (3,900 ft) - 331.8 m (1,089 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 20 kt | [1][2][3][9] | |||
| Stoddard | September 17, 1968 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U2cms 37°07′11″N 116°07′42″W / 37.11981°N 116.12835°W | 1,370 m (4,490 ft) - 467.87 m (1,535.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Peaceful research | 31 kt | Venting detected, 16 Ci (590 GBq) | [1][2][3][7][5][6] | Project Plowshare - clean excavation device development. | |
| Hudson Seal | September 24, 1968 17:00:51.09 | PST | NTS Area U12n.04 37°12′17″N 116°12′26″W / 37.20473°N 116.20727°W | 2,168 m (7,113 ft) - 344.42 m (1,130.0 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapon effect | 20 kt | [1][2][3][4][8] | |||
| Welder | October 3, 1968 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fs 37°02′48″N 116°01′50″W / 37.04665°N 116.03048°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 117.66 m (386.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Knife-C | October 3, 1968 14:00:29.04 | PST | NTS Area U3er 37°01′33″N 115°59′38″W / 37.02591°N 115.99396°W | 1,201 m (3,940 ft) - 301.44 m (989.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3 kt | [1][2][3][7][4] | |||
| Vat | October 10, 1968 14:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U9cf 37°08′00″N 116°02′35″W / 37.13327°N 116.04318°W | 1,256 m (4,121 ft) - 194.92 m (639.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1 kt | [1][2][3][4] | |||
| Hula | October 29, 1968 15:00:36.09 | PST | NTS Area U9bu 37°06′48″N 116°02′30″W / 37.11321°N 116.0418°W | 1,254 m (4,114 ft) - 198.46 m (651.1 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 250 t | Venting detected on site, 7 Ci (260 GBq) | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Bit - 1 | October 31, 1968 18:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gt 37°02′49″N 116°01′49″W / 37.04701°N 116.03021°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 148.31 m (486.6 ft) | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | 1 kt | [1][2][3][4] | simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Bit - 2 | October 31, 1968 18:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gt 37°02′49″N 116°01′49″W / 37.04699°N 116.03034°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) + | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| File | October 31, 1968 18:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gb 37°01′01″N 116°02′11″W / 37.01708°N 116.03649°W | 1,185 m (3,888 ft) - 228.95 m (751.1 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 7 kt | [1][2][3][9] | |||
| Crew - 1 | November 4, 1968 15:00:15.09 | PST | NTS Area U2db 37°07′50″N 116°05′15″W / 37.13043°N 116.08738°W | 1,287 m (4,222 ft) - 603.5 m (1,980 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 22 kt | [1][2][3][7][4] | Simultaneous, same hole. | ||
| Crew - 2 | November 4, 1968 15:00:16.09 | PST | NTS Area U2db 37°07′50″N 116°05′15″W / 37.13042°N 116.08738°W | 1,287 m (4,222 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | Simultaneous, same hole. | ||
| Crew - 3 | November 4, 1968 15:00:16.09 | PST | NTS Area U2db 37°07′50″N 116°05′15″W / 37.13042°N 116.08738°W | 1,287 m (4,222 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3][4] | Simultaneous, same hole. | ||
| Auger | November 15, 1968 15:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U3fx 37°02′52″N 116°00′02″W / 37.04765°N 116.00058°W | 1,222 m (4,009 ft) - 240.62 m (789.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1 kt | [1][2][3][4] | |||
| Knife-B | November 15, 1968 15:00:45.04 | PST | NTS Area U3dz 37°01′34″N 116°02′03″W / 37.02609°N 116.03412°W | 1,188 m (3,898 ft) - 362.94 m (1,190.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 8 kt | [1][2][3][7][4] | |||
| Ming Vase | November 20, 1968 18:00:00.03 | PST | NTS Area U16a.04 37°00′35″N 116°12′26″W / 37.00973°N 116.2072°W | 1,931 m (6,335 ft) - 307.94 m (1,010.3 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapon effect | 16 kt | [1][2][3][4][8] | |||
| Tinderbox | November 22, 1968 16:00:19.04 | PST | NTS Area U9az 37°08′24″N 116°02′35″W / 37.13987°N 116.04312°W | 1,261 m (4,137 ft) - 439.52 m (1,442.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3 kt | Venting detected, 2 Ci (74 GBq) | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Schooner | December 8, 1968 16:00:00.14 | PST | NTS Area U20u 37°20′36″N 116°34′00″W / 37.34326°N 116.56661°W | 1,668 m (5,472 ft) - 111.22 m (364.9 ft) | Cratering (shallow sub surface) | Peaceful research | 30 kt | Venting detected off site, 3.7 MCi (140 PBq) | [1][2][3][5][6][10] | Plowshare - excavation experiment in hard, dry rock. | |
| Bay Leaf | December 12, 1968 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gq 37°02′49″N 116°01′52″W / 37.04702°N 116.03104°W | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 130.16 m (427.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Tyg - 1 | December 12, 1968 15:00:10.08 | PST | NTS Area U2dc1e 37°07′15″N 116°04′53″W / 37.1209°N 116.08145°W | 1,273 m (4,177 ft) - 228.3 m (749 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 20 kt | Venting detected on site, 6.8 kCi (250 TBq) | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Tyg - 2 | December 12, 1968 15:00:10.08 | PST | NTS Area U2dc2d 37°07′03″N 116°04′49″W / 37.11758°N 116.08035°W | 1,270 m (4,170 ft) - 251 m (823 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][5][11][6] | ||
| Tyg - 3 | December 12, 1968 15:00:10.08 | PST | NTS Area U2dc3c 37°07′05″N 116°04′40″W / 37.11804°N 116.07788°W | 1,268 m (4,160 ft) - 228.3 m (749 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][5][11][6] | ||
| Tyg - 4 | December 12, 1968 15:00:10.08 | PST | NTS Area U2dc4a 37°07′16″N 116°04′45″W / 37.12124°N 116.0791°W | 1,272 m (4,173 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][9][6] | ||
| Tyg - 5 | December 12, 1968 15:00:10.08 | PST | NTS Area U2dc5b 37°07′11″N 116°04′39″W / 37.11985°N 116.07744°W | 1,270 m (4,170 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][9][6] | ||
| Tyg - 6 | December 12, 1968 15:00:10.08 | PST | NTS Area U2dc6f 37°07′08″N 116°04′58″W / 37.11879°N 116.08278°W | 1,273 m (4,177 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 4 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][9][6] | ||
| Scissors | December 12, 1968 15:00:20.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gh 37°00′14″N 116°02′24″W / 37.00391°N 116.04°W | 1,181 m (3,875 ft) - 240.58 m (789.3 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Benham | December 19, 1968 16:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U20c - 37°13′53″N 116°28′28″W / 37.23142°N 116.47448°W | 1,887 m (6,191 ft) - 1,402.08 m (4,600.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 1.2 Mt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Packard | January 15, 1969 19:00:00.07 | PST | NTS Area U2u 37°08′52″N 116°04′00″W / 37.14787°N 116.06654°W | 1,288 m (4,226 ft) - 246.89 m (810.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapon effect | 10 kt | Venting detected on site, 7 Ci (260 GBq) | [1][2][3][7][5][6] | ||
| Wineskin | January 15, 1969 19:00:30.04 | PST | NTS Area U12r 37°12′33″N 116°13′35″W / 37.20909°N 116.22627°W | 2,263 m (7,425 ft) - 518.16 m (1,700.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 40 kt | [1][2][3][4][8] | |||
| Shave | January 22, 1969 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gk 37°00′56″N 115°59′43″W / 37.01544°N 115.99516°W | 1,191 m (3,907 ft) - 240.75 m (789.9 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | [1][2][3][4] | |||
| Vise | January 30, 1969 15:00:00.038 | PST | NTS Area U3ej 37°03′12″N 116°01′48″W / 37.0533°N 116.02998°W | 1,204 m (3,950 ft) - 454.06 m (1,489.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 20 kt | [1][2][3][7][8] | |||
| Biggin | January 30, 1969 15:00:17.12 | PST | NTS Area U9bz 37°08′00″N 116°02′28″W / 37.13326°N 116.04113°W | 1,257 m (4,124 ft) - 242.32 m (795.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Nipper | February 4, 1969 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gl 37°00′09″N 116°00′36″W / 37.00262°N 116.01°W | 1,178 m (3,865 ft) - 240.73 m (789.8 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | |||
| Winch | February 4, 1969 15:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gf 37°00′34″N 116°02′35″W / 37.00941°N 116.04304°W | 1,185 m (3,888 ft) - 240.63 m (789.5 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 600 t | [1][2][3][4] | |||
| Cypress | February 12, 1969 16:01:28.88 | PST | NTS Area U12g.09 37°10′08″N 116°12′42″W / 37.16901°N 116.2116°W | 2,265 m (7,431 ft) - 359.66 m (1,180.0 ft) | Underground tunnel | Weapon effect | 15 kt | [1][2][3][4][8] | |||
| Valise | March 18, 1969 14:00:30.12 | PST | NTS Area U9by 37°08′21″N 116°02′30″W / 37.13909°N 116.04171°W | 1,261 m (4,137 ft) - 90.25 m (296.1 ft) | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 20 kt | Venting detected | [1][2][3][5] | ||
| Chatty | March 18, 1969 14:00:40.43 | PST | NTS Area U2bn 37°09′44″N 116°04′36″W / 37.16224°N 116.07679°W | 1,312 m (4,304 ft) - 194.77 m (639.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 800 t | Venting detected, 0.7 Ci (26 GBq) | [1][2][3][4][5] | ||
| Barsac | March 20, 1969 18:00:12.04 | PST | NTS Area U3gc 37°01′19″N 116°01′52″W / 37.02203°N 116.03098°W | 1,187 m (3,894 ft) - 304.13 m (997.8 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 10 kt | Venting detected on site, 43 Ci (1,600 GBq) | [1][2][3][7][4][6] | ||
| Coffer | March 21, 1969 14:00:30.41 | PST | NTS Area U2de 37°08′00″N 116°05′15″W / 37.13325°N 116.0876°W | 1,291 m (4,236 ft) - 464.82 m (1,525.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 26 kt | Venting detected, 10 Ci (370 GBq) | [1][2][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Gourd-Amber - 1 | April 24, 1969 13:00:04.14 | PST | NTS Area U2bf 37°09′50″N 116°04′50″W / 37.16393°N 116.08061°W | 1,320 m (4,330 ft) - 181.3 m (595 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 800 t | [1][2][3][4][11] | simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Gourd-Brown - 2 | April 24, 1969 13:00:04.14 | PST | NTS Area U2bl 37°09′36″N 116°04′55″W / 37.15998°N 116.08186°W | 1,317 m (4,321 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | less than 20 kt | [1][2][3] | simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Blenton | April 30, 1969 17:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U7p 37°04′53″N 116°00′53″W / 37.08145°N 116.01481°W | 1,255 m (4,117 ft) - 557.73 m (1,829.8 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 51 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][5][8][6] | ||
| Thistle | April 30, 1969 17:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U7t 37°05′25″N 116°00′23″W / 37.09023°N 116.00651°W | 1,281 m (4,203 ft) - 560.47 m (1,838.8 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 38 kt | [1][2][3][8] | |||
| Purse | May 7, 1969 13:00:45.04 | PST | NTS Area U20v 37°16′58″N 116°30′06″W / 37.28283°N 116.50153°W | 1,828 m (5,997 ft) - 598.75 m (1,964.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 90 kt | [1][2][3][7][4] | |||
| Aliment | May 15, 1969 18:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U2gj 37°00′43″N 115°59′09″W / 37.01185°N 115.98583°W | 1,207 m (3,960 ft) - 240.51 m (789.1 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | [1][2][3][4] | |||
| Ipecac - 1 | May 27, 1969 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3hka 37°00′54″N 116°00′11″W / 37.01498°N 116.00292°W | 1,181 m (3,875 ft) - 124.18 m (407.4 ft) | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][5][6] | simultaneous, separate holes. | |
| Ipecac - 2 | May 27, 1969 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3hkb 37°00′53″N 116°00′03″W / 37.01482°N 116.00086°W | 1,182 m (3,878 ft) + | Underground shaft | Safety experiment | less than 20 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][6] | simultaneous, separate holes. | |
| Torrido | May 27, 1969 14:00:15.04 | PST | NTS Area U7w 37°04′30″N 115°59′46″W / 37.07506°N 115.99617°W | 1,270 m (4,170 ft) - 514.72 m (1,688.7 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 22 kt | [1][2][3][7][8] | |||
| Tapper | June 12, 1969 14:00:00.04 | PST | NTS Area U3go 37°00′32″N 116°01′52″W / 37.00879°N 116.03109°W | 1,181 m (3,875 ft) - 303 m (994 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 10 kt | Venting detected on site | [1][2][3][7][4][6] | ||
| Bowl - 1 | June 26, 1969 16:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U2bo1 37°09′45″N 116°04′46″W / 37.16244°N 116.07949°W | 1,316 m (4,318 ft) - 198.12 m (650.0 ft) | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 2 kt | [1][2][3][4] | simultaneous, separate holes. | ||
| Bowl - 2 | June 26, 1969 16:00:00.13 | PST | NTS Area U2bo2 37°09′39″N 116°04′48″W / 37.16072°N 116.0801°W | 1,315 m (4,314 ft) + | Underground shaft | Weapons development | 3 kt | [1][2][3][9] | simultaneous, separate holes. |
- ↑ A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". Mikhailov, V. N., Editor in Chief. Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing. Begell-Atom, LLC.
- ↑ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China have not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions - Soviet peaceful explosions were named). A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also named the individual explosions in such a test,which results in "<name> - 1(with <other_name>)".
- ↑ To compute local standard time "PST" (Pacific ST) from UT, subtract 8 hours from the UT. If that time is less then 00:00, add 24 hours and decrease the date by one day.
- ↑ Rough place name and a Latitude/Longitude reference; for rocket bursts, the launch location is specified before the burst location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area. If test is canceled or aborted, then row data is intended plans.
- ↑ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number/units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero.
- ↑ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, barge and cratering are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT.
- ↑ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ↑ Designations for test items where known, nicknames for particular devices in quotes.
- ↑ Estimated energy yield in tonnes, kilotonnes, and megatonnes (all metric units).
- ↑ Emissions to atmosphere, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it's all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and everything if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, and the maximum amount of radiation released.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (DOENV-209 REV15). Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. 2000-12-01. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl. CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3). SMDC Monitoring Research.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56 3.57 Official list of underground nuclear explosions. Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (1 February 1994). "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)". Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper (Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1). DOE Nevada Operations Office. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 "Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2". National Cancer Institute. 1997. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Bolt, Bruce A. (1976). Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (25 September 1998). Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site. Nuclear Science and Technology Division.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 --->ignore<----
- ↑ Sublette, Carey. "Nuclear Weapons Archive". Retrieved 2014-01-06.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Operation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F). Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
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