Open air school
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Open air schools or schools of the woods were purpose-built educational institutions for children, that were designed to prevent and combat the widespread rise of tuberculosis that occurred in the period leading up to the Second World War. The schools were built on the concept that fresh air, good ventilation and exposure to the outside contributed to improved health. The schools were mostly built in areas away from city centers, sometimes in rural locations, to provide a space free from pollution and overcrowding. The creation and design of the schools paralleled that of the tuberculosis sanatoriums, in that hygiene and exposure to fresh air were paramount; open air schools however also provided education.
Background
The schools were purpose-built educational institutions for children, that were designed to prevent and combat the widespread rise of tuberculosis that occurred in the period leading up to the Second World War.[1][2] The schools were built on the concept that fresh air, good ventilation and exposure to the outside contributed to improved health. The schools were mostly built in areas away from city centers, sometimes in rural locations, to provide a space free from pollution and overcrowding.[2][3] The creation and design of the schools paralleled that of the tuberculosis sanatoriums, in that hygiene and exposure to fresh air were paramount; open air schools however also provided education.[4] Schools were considered to be part of the anti-tuberculosis campaign.[5]
Daily life
The school were residential, "set up in tents, prefabricated barracks, or repurposed structures, and were run during the summer".[1] Children were taught in classrooms designed to be partially (in rooms with large open windows) or fully exposed to outdoors, and sleeping was done outside or in wards that were exposed to the elements.[3]
Architectural design
The architecture of open air schools in Britain and Europe was built on the traditional 'pavilion plan' which was also used for sanatoria, with a similar internal layout to that used in hospital architecture, with long window-lined hallways.[6]
Open-air school movement
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Waldeschule
Open Air Schools were part of a larger open-air school movement which began in Europe with the creation of the Waldeschule (forest school), in Charlottenburg, Germany, near Berlin, in 1904.[3][7] Built by Walter Spickendorff and founded by Dr. Bernhard Bendix and Hermann Neufert it offered "open-air therapy" to urban youths with pre-tuberculosis as part of an experiment conducted by the International Congresses of Hygiene. Classes were taught in the surrounding forest.[1] The movement quickly caught on throughout Europe and North America; construction of the buildings began in the first decade of the 20th century and carried on until the 1970s.[4]
Europe
After the opening of the Charlottenburg Waldeschule, schools were opened in Belgium in 1904 and continue in Switzerland, Italy, and France in 1907.[1] Schools were also started in Hungary in 1910, and Sweden in 1914.[1]
England
The first open air school in England was built in London, in 1907 at Bostall Wood, Plumstead by London County Council.[5] Another was built in 1908 by sisters Rachel and Margaret Macmillan, as the "first School Clinic". In 1914 the sisters organized an open air school in the garden of Evelyn House, Deptford where the Children lived and slept under canvas.[8] By 1937 there were 96 open air day schools in operation throughout Britain, and 53 that were also residential.[9]
America
In America, the first school was established in 1908 with the building of a school in Providence, Rhode Island.[3]
References
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Anne-Marie Châtelet. "Open Air School Movement". Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. The Gale Group, Inc. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Open Air School". Children's Cottage Homes. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 A Cyclopedia of Education. Forgotten Books. pp. 548–551. ISBN 978-1-4400-4170-9. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Martin Cook (27 February 2007). The design quality manual: improving building performance. John Wiley & Sons. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4051-3088-2. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bryder 2002, p. 72.
- ↑ Worpole 2000, p. 52.
- ↑ Châtelet 2008, pp. 109-110.
- ↑ Worpole 2000, p. 49.
- ↑ Worpole 2000, p. 50.
Literature cited
- Bryder, Linda (1 November 2002). "'Wonderlands of Buttercup, Colvers, and Daisies': Tuberculosis and the open-air school movement in Britain, 1907-39". In Roger Cooter. In the Name of the Child. Taylor and Francis. pp. 72–95. ISBN 978-0-203-41223-7. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- Châtelet, Anne-Marie (22 January 2008). "A Breath of Fresh Air: Open-Air Schools in Europe". In Marta Gutman. Designing Modern Childhoods: History, Space, and the Material Culture of Children. Ning De Coninck-Smith. Rutgers University Press. pp. 107–127. ISBN 978-0-8135-4195-2. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- Worpole, Ken (1 December 2000). "Live Out of Doors as Much as You Can: The Architecture of Public Health". Here Comes the Sun: Architecture and Public Space in Twentieth-Century European Culture. Reaktion Books. pp. 49–68. ISBN 978-1-86189-073-3. Retrieved 27 May 2012.