Okinawan name

Okinawan names today have only two components, the family names (surnames or last names) first and the given names last. Okinawan family names represent the distinct historical and cultural background of the islands which now comprise Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Expatriates originally from Okinawa also have these names.

Modern names

As Japanese citizens, Okinawans today comply with the Japanese family register (koseki) system. Accordingly, an Okinawan name has only two components, a family name and a given name. A family name is called myōji (苗字 or 名字), uji (氏) or sei (姓), and a given name is called the "front name" (名前, namae) or "lower name" (下の名前, shita no namae). The family name precedes the given name. The given name may be referred to as the "lower name" because, in vertically-written Japanese, the given name appears under the family name.

Japanese family names generally show regional variation, but Okinawan family names are known for its distinctiveness. In contrast it becomes increasingly difficult to find unique Okinawan given names.^[1]

Top 10 popular Okinawan family names

This top 10 list^[2] is based on the name as written in kanji (Chinese characters). Since the Japanese language allows for multiple possible "readings (pronunciations)" for each kanji, the reading of Okinawan family names written with the same characters varies. In addition, the Okinawan language has its own means of reading Japanese kanji.

• 

  金城 武
  Takeshi Kaneshiro

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  Jake Shimabukuro

Historical names

As in mainland Japan, historical names in Okinawa are more complicated. People with different social statuses bore different kinds of names, maintain several names to use in different occasions, and sometimes changed them in their lifetime. Okinawan names underwent great changes after the Ryūkyū Kingdom fell under the Satsuma Domain's control.

Warabi-naa

Warabi-naa (warabe-na/warabi-naa, 童名) were personal names. For example, the warabi-naa of Tamagusuku Chōkun was Umi-guraa (思五良). Warabi-naa were most prevalent among Okinawans, from the king to commoners, both male and female. They were the oldest component of Okinawan names as, like people in mainland Japan, the inhabitants of Ryukyu islands did not originally have names for families, clans or lineages. They were used as the official names during the early era of the Ryukyu Kingdom. They appeared even in appointment letters by the king, written mostly in hiragana. It was during the 17th century that other name components prevailed among the samurai class.^[3]

A warabi-naa was given soon after birth. Although literally meaning childhood name, it was used by commoners for their entire life. While it was overshadowed by other name components, even adult male members of the samurai class used warabi-naa at home and when referring to their friends.^[4]

Later in history, stylized use of prefixes and suffixes differentiated social statuses. A commoner used neither a prefix nor suffix, a samurai used either a prefix or suffix, and an aristocrat used both a prefix and a suffix. For example, Tukū (徳) was a name for commoners, Umi-tukū (思徳) for samurai, and Umi-tuku-gani (思徳金) for aristocrats.^[4]

A set of warabi-naa appeared in the very beginning of recorded history and has not been changed since then. The number of warabi-naa pooled in society was extremely small. It was not uncommon for a warabi-naa to be shared by more than one person in a household. The first male child was usually named after his paternal grandfather.^[1] For example, the last king Shō Tai had the warabi-naa Umi-jiraa-gani (思次良金), which was also the name of his grandfather Shō Kō.

Kamei

Even in the Old Ryukyu era, social development led Okinawans to acquire names other than warabi-naa for disambiguation. Kamei (家名) or Yaa-n-naa (家の名), both meaning "family name," were often attached to warabi-naa. Kamei were toponyms, either the domains they ruled or the places of their origin. For example, an inscription of the Old Ryukyu era contains a personal name, Mafuto-kane    Ufusato no Ufu-yakumoi (まふとかね 大さとの大やくもい), where Mafuto-kane (Mafutu-gani) was a warabi-naa, Ufusato (Ufusatu) was a place associated with him, and Ufu-yakumoi (Ufu-yakumui) was the title he was given.^[5]

In the naming conventions after the separation of the samurai class from peasants, only the samurai class was allowed to have kamei. Because the vast majority of the samurai families lacked domains to rule, they inherited fixed kamei. In contrast, an upper class member used the name of the fief he was given by the king. This means that his kamei was changed every time a different land was allotted. For example, Makishi Chōchū (1818–1862) originally had the kamei Itarashiki (板良敷) but was then given a fief of Ōwan (大湾) before being finally renamed to Makishi (牧志).^[4]

In early times, kamei were written predominantly in hiragana. After the conquest of the Ryūkyū Kingdom by Japan's Satsuma Domain in 1609, the Japanese-style use of Chinese characters (kanji) was adopted. The Keichō Land Surveys of 1609-1611 probably conventionalized to some degree the choice of kanji for place names, and thus surnames based on them. In 1625 the Satsuma Domain instituted a ban on the use of Japanese-looking family names (大和めきたる名字の禁止, Yamato-mekitaru myōji no kinshi). As a result, the kanji used to write kamei changed from characters that were common in mainland Japan to new, unique character combinations. For example, the name 東 (Higashi) was often changed to 比嘉 (Higa) or 比謝 (Hija), the name 前田 (Maeda) to 真栄田 (the same reading), 福山 (Fukuyama) to 譜久山 (the same reading), etc.^[6]

In practice, kamei represented a group who shared the founder of a relatively recent past. When it was necessary to distinguish branch families, the main family attached the prefix ufu (大, great) to its kamei while the suffix gwa (small), for example, was used for a branch family.^[4]

Officially, commoners did not have kamei. At some point in history, commoners in the capital region, Shuri and Naha, started to assume kamei. However, kamei of commoners were differentiated verbally and in writing. The last syllable of a commoner's kamei was lengthened (e.g. Arakachii) while that of a samurai was not (e.g. Arakachi). For commoners, his warabi-naa is written first and is followed by his kamei. For example, Taraa (warabi-naa) from Yamagusiku was written as たら山城 (Taraa Yamagushiku).^[4]

Commoners in rural areas unofficially used names for households, which were also called Yaa-n-naa (屋の名). They were similar to yagō, private family names used by commoners in mainland Japan.^[1]

Rank

Like in mainland Japan, a rank (位階) was also part of the addressing system. The following was the list of ranks after they were fixed:

• Wōji (王子)
• Anji or Aji (按司)
• Uwekata (親方)
• Peekumi (親雲上)
• Satunushi-peechin (里之子親雲上)
• Satunushi (里之子)
• Chukudun-peechin (筑登之親雲上)
• Chukudun (筑登之)^[4]

Young male members of the samurai class who had no rank were addressed with honorific suffixes: shii (子) for the upper class and nyaa (仁屋) for the lower class. Commoners had no rank.^[4]

Nanui

Male members of the samurai class adopted nanui (nanori/nanui, 名乗), or Japanese-style personal names, when they reached adulthood. Each nanui consists of two kanji characters, e.g. 朝薫 (Chōkun). The first character of a nanui, called nanui-gasira (nanori-gashira/nanui-gasira, 名乗頭), was shared by a lineage or munchū. For example, the character 朝 (chō) was used by branch families of the royal family including Chōkun (玉城朝薫), his father Chōchi (朝致) and his son Chōki (朝喜).

The direct reference to a nanui verbally and in writing was usually avoided because it was considered rude. In domestic documents, a samurai was usually addressed by the combination of a kamei and a rank (e.g. Kyan Peekumi (喜屋武親雲上)). This was similar to the convention of mainland Japan, e.g. Andō Tsushima-no-kami (安藤対馬守, Andō, Governor of Tsushima Province) for Andō Nobumasa.^[4] This combination can be found in as early as the first half of the 16th century.^[3] When necessary, a nanui was attached to the combination of a kamei and a rank. It is only a convention of historiography that people of the Ryūkyū Kingdom are referred to by the combination of a kamei and a nanui, e.g. Tamagusuku Chōkun (玉城朝薫).

Nanui came into use during the 17th century with obvious influence from Satsuma.^[3] The use of nanui-gasira is similar to that of tsūji (通字) in mainland Japan. However, while tsūji was usually assumed only by the successor of a household, the first son in most cases, each nanui-gasira was shared by all the male member of a lineage.^[1]

Kara-naa

From 1689 male members of the samurai class also had kara-naa (唐名) or Chinese names. Each kara-naa consists of a one-character name for a lineage called sii or uji (sei/sii, 姓 or uji/uji, 氏) and a personal name called imina (諱). For example, Tamagusuku Chōkun had the kara-naa Shō Juyū (向受祐). Kara-naa appeared neither officially nor privately in domestic affairs, but were used for diplomatic correspondence with Chinese dynasties. Thus a lower-class samurai who had no post in the court had virtually no chance to use his kara-naa.^[4]

Names for Okinawan officials were recorded in early diplomatic documents written in Classical Chinese. They were actually corrupt forms of warabi-naa and kamei. For example, a-fu-sat-to 阿布薩都 and ō-sat-to 王察度 both referred to the kamei Ufuzatu (大里). Similarly, go-ratsu 呉剌 and tatsu-ro-ka-ne 達魯加禰 derived from warabi-naa Guraa (五良) and Taru-gani (樽金) respectively.^[4] It is during the 16th century that some officials used names that could be analyzed as Chinese surnames and given names. It seems that at first these names were coined each time they were needed for a diplomatic trip to China. Some families from which diplomats came for generations began to succeed the first character of their ancestors' transcribed names as sii. For instance, descendants of Mafutu-gani, who appeared as ma-botsu-to (麻勃都) in diplomatic records, adopted the sii Ma (麻) after him.^[3]

Munchū or lineages

The development of Okinawan naming conventions was closely related with that of munchū (monchū/munchū, 門中), or patrilineages. In 1689 Keizu-za or the Board of Genealogies (系図座) was established and all the samurai lineages were ordered to compile genealogical records. In 1690 the royal court assigned one-character sii or Chinese surnames to all registered lineages. Since commoners were forbidden to compile genealogical records, this effectively separated the samurai class from commoners. Genealogical records became a status symbol of the samurai class. The samurai class came to be referred to as keimochi (系持), lit. possessing genealogy, while commoners were called mukei (無系), lit. without genealogy.^[7]

Among the samurai class, lineages were identified by the combination of the Chinese-style sii and the Japanese-style nanui-gasira. A lineage with the sii Mō (毛) shared the nanui-gasira Sei (盛), but this nanui-gasira was also used by a lineage named Ō (翁). Also, there was another lineage whose sii was Mō, but its nanui-gasira was An (安). It should be noted that kamei cannot be a designator of lineages. The Mō lineage with the nanui-gasira Sei had was headed by the family with the kamei Tomigusuku (豊見城), but its branch families had various kamei including Kunigami (国頭) and Tomikawa (富川).^[8]

Royal house

The title Ō (王) or king was of foreign origin. In Okinawan, the king styled himself anji-osoi-ganashi or later Shui-tin-ganashi. The king was referred to as ushu-ganashi-me by his people and as myūmee-ganashi or nūmee-ganshi by his family members.^[4]

Close relatives of the king were given the ranks of wōji (王子) and anji (按司). Although wōji literally means the king's son, its conferrers were not limited to the king's son. A wōji or anji was referred to by his domain plus the suffix udun (御殿). The crown prince was traditionally given the domain Nakagusuku (中城) and therefore referred to as Nakagusuku-udun (中城御殿).^[4]

Many early kings, up to Shō Hō, had divine names (神号) in addition to warabi-naa. For example, Shō Gen's divine name was tida-hajimi-aji-sui (日始按司添). It seems that divine names were assumed after accession to the throne.^[4][3]

The king had a kara-naa and used it in diplomatic correspondence with China. The royal sii Shō (尚) was, according to Ryukyuan records, given to Shō Hashi by China. This statement is highly questionable because no such record is found in Chinese documents and Shō Hashi used the sii even earlier.^[5] In 1692, the branch families of the royal house were given the sii Shō (向, note the different kanji) and the nanui-gasira Chō (朝) no matter how distant from the king.^[3]

Kumemura samurai

A district near the capital named Kumemura is said to have been founded by immigrants from Fujian, China. Its raison d'être was to manage diplomatic contacts with China although some were later engaged in domestic affairs. The members of the community had kara-naa or Chinese names from the very beginning. It is known that they also had warabi-naa as early as the first half of the 15th century.^[3]

Today historical figures from Kumemura are often known by kara-naa, e.g. Sai On. He appeared in domestic documents as Gushichan Uwekata after his kamei Gushichan (具志頭) and his rank Uwekata (親方). He had a nanui Bunjaku (文若), and therefore is sometimes known as Gushichan Bunjaku.

Modernization

The Japanese system of feudal domains (han) was abolished by the Meiji government in 1871, and the Ryūkyū Kingdom was formally annexed by Japan in 1872. Ryukyuans were then entered into the Japanese family register (koseki) system and, as in mainland Japan, surnames were extended to all citizens, no longer being the province of the aristocratic classes alone. A large number of the names created at this time were taken from geographical names or places of residence. Direct descendants of Tamagusuku Chōkun, who by the time assumed the kamei Hentona (辺土名), adopted Hentona as their new surname.^[9]

While the nobles had assumed new names when they reached adulthood, the new system forced them to adopt lifetime personal names soon after birth. At first, Japanese given names were often given when they entered school. For this reason, given names were informally called "school names" (学校名). Warabi-naa continued to be used unofficially until the early Showa period.^[1]

With increasing contacts with mainland Japan, many Okinawans felt it inconvenient to use their alien-looking surnames. Since the law made it extremely difficult to change surnames, they often changed the reading of surnames while leaving their written forms unmodified. For example, Miyagusuku (宮城) was usually changed to Miyagi (宮城). It is reported that, during the American military occupation after World War II, many managed to change their surname relatively easily. The family registers were completely destroyed by American attacks and reconstructed on individual declarations.^[6]

References

See also

• Japanese name
• Okinawa Prefecture
• Amami name

External links

• Okinawan family names, Center for Information Infrastructure, Shizuoka University (Japanese)