Octavio Paz

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Octavio Paz
Born Octavio Paz Lozano
(1914-03-31)March 31, 1914
Mexico City, Mexico
Died April 19, 1998(1998-04-19) (aged 84)
Mexico City, Mexico
Occupation Writer, poet, diplomat
Nationality Mexican
Period 1931–1965
Literary movement Surrealism, Existentialism
Notable award(s) Miguel de Cervantes Prize
1981
Nobel Prize in Literature
1990

Octavio Paz Lozano (Spanish pronunciation: [okˈtaβjo pas loˈsano]  audio (help·info); March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat. For his body of work, he was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Early life

Paz was born to Octavio Paz Solórzano and Josefina Lozano. His father was an active supporter of the Revolution against the Díaz regime. Paz was raised in the village of Mixcoac (now a part of Mexico City) by his mother Josefina (daughter of Spanish immigrants), his aunt Amalia Paz, and his paternal grandfather Ireneo Paz, a liberal intellectual, novelist, publisher and former supporter of President Porfirio Díaz. He studied at Colegio Williams. When he was five years old he spent a year in Los Angeles with his family.

Paz was introduced to literature early in his life through the influence of his grandfather's library, filled with classic Mexican and European literature.[1] During the 1920s, he discovered the European poets Gerardo Diego, Juan Ramón Jiménez, and Antonio Machado, Spanish writers who had a great influence on his early writings.[2] As a teenager in 1931, under the influence of D. H. Lawrence, Paz published his first poems, including "Cabellera". Two years later, at the age of 19, he published Luna Silvestre ("Wild Moon"), a collection of poems. In 1932, with some friends, he founded his first literary review, Barandal. By 1939, Paz considered himself first and foremost a poet.[citation needed]

In 1937, Paz abandoned his law studies and left for Yucatán to work at a school in Mérida for sons of peasants and workers.[3] There, he began working on the first of his long, ambitious poems, "Entre la piedra y la flor" ("Between the Stone and the Flower") (1941, revised in 1976), influenced by T. S. Eliot, which describes the situation of the Mexican peasant under the greedy landlords of the day.[4]

In 1937, Paz was invited to the Second International Writers Congress in Defense of Culture in Spain during the country's civil war, showing his solidarity with the Republican side and against fascism. Upon his return to Mexico, Paz co-founded a literary journal, Taller ("Workshop") in 1938, and wrote for the magazine until 1941. In 1937 he married Elena Garro, now considered one of Mexico's finest writers, whom he met in 1935. They had one daughter, Helena. They were divorced in 1959. In 1943, Paz received a Guggenheim fellowship and began studying at the University of California at Berkeley in the United States, and two years later he entered the Mexican diplomatic service, working in New York for a while. In 1945, he was sent to Paris, where he wrote El Laberinto de la Soledad ("The Labyrinth of Solitude"), "an analysis of modern Mexico and the Mexican personality in which he described his fellow countrymen as instinctive nihilists who hide behind masks of solitude and ceremoniousness," according to The New York Times.[5] In 1952, he travelled to India for the first time and, in the same year, to Tokyo, as chargé d'affaires, and then to Geneva, in Switzerland. He returned to Mexico City in 1954, where he wrote his great poem "Piedra de sol" ("Sunstone") in 1957 and Libertad bajo palabra (Liberty under Oath), a compilation of his poetry up to that time. He was sent again to Paris in 1959, following the steps of his lover, the Italian painter Bona Tibertelli de Pisis. In 1962 he was named Mexico's ambassador to India.

Later life

In India, Paz completed several works, including El mono gramático (The Monkey Grammarian) and Ladera este (Eastern Slope). While in India, he came into contact with a group of writers called the Hungry Generation and had a profound influence on them.

In 1965, he married Marie-José Tramini, a French woman who would be his wife for the rest of his life. In October 1968, he resigned from the diplomatic corps in protest of the Mexican government's massacre of student demonstrators in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco.[6] He sought refuge in Paris for a while and returned to Mexico in 1969, where he founded his magazine Plural (1970–1976) with a group of liberal Mexican and Latin American writers.

From 1970 to 1974, he lectured at Harvard University, where he held the Charles Eliot Norton professorship. His book Los hijos del limo ("Children of the Mire") was the result of those lectures. After the Mexican government closed Plural in 1975, Paz founded Vuelta, a publication with a focus similar to that of Plural, and continued to edit that magazine until his death. He won the 1977 Jerusalem Prize for literature on the theme of individual freedom. In 1980, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Harvard, and in 1982, he won the Neustadt Prize. Once good friends with novelist Carlos Fuentes, Paz became estranged from him in the 1980s in a disagreement over the Sandinistas, whom Paz opposed and Fuentes supported.[7] In 1988, Paz's magazine Vuelta carried an attack by Enrique Krauze on the legitimacy of Fuentes's Mexican identity, opening a feud between Fuentes and Paz that lasted until the latter's death.[8] A collection of his poems (written between 1957 and 1987) was published in 1990. In 1990, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.[9] In India he met the Hungryalist poets and was of immense help to them during their 35 month long trial.[citation needed]

He died of cancer on April 19, 1998, at Alvaro Obregón, Distrito Federal, Mexico.[10][11][12]

Guillermo Sheridan, who was named by Paz as director of the Octavio Paz Foundation in 1998, published a book, Poeta con paisaje (2004) with several biographical essays about the poet's life up to 1968.

Aesthetics

"The poetry of Octavio Paz," wrote the critic Ramón Xirau, "does not hesitate between language and silence; it leads into the realm of silence where true language lives."[13]

Writings

A prolific author and poet, Paz published scores of works during his lifetime, many of which are translated into other languages. His poetry, for example, has been translated into English by Samuel Beckett, Charles Tomlinson, Elizabeth Bishop, Muriel Rukeyser and Mark Strand. His early poetry was influenced by Marxism, surrealism, and existentialism, as well as religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism. His poem, "Piedra de sol" ("Sunstone"), written in 1957, was praised as a "magnificent" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize. His later poetry dealt with love and eroticism, the nature of time, and Buddhism. He also wrote poetry about his other passion, modern painting, dedicating poems to the work of Balthus, Joan Miró, Marcel Duchamp, Antoni Tàpies, Robert Rauschenberg, and Roberto Matta. As an essayist Paz wrote on topics like Mexican politics and economics, Aztec art, anthropology, and sexuality. His book-length essay, The Labyrinth of Solitude (Spanish: El laberinto de la soledad), delves into the minds of his countrymen, describing them as hidden behind masks of solitude. Due to their history, their identity is lost between a pre-Columbian and a Spanish culture, negating either. A key work in understanding Mexican culture, it greatly influenced other Mexican writers, such as Carlos Fuentes. Ilan Stavans wrote that he was "the quintessential surveyor, a Dante's Virgil, a Renaissance man".[14]

Paz wrote the play "La hija de Rappaccini" in 1956. The plot centers around a young Italian student who wanders about Professor Rappaccini's beautiful gardens where he spies the professor's even more beautiful daughter, Beatrice. He is horrified when he discovers the poisonous nature of the garden's beauty. Paz adapted the play from an 1844 short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne that was also entitled "Rappaccini's Daughter".
Octavio Paz
He combined Hawthorne's story with sources from the Indian poet Vishakadatta and influences from Japanese Noh theatre, Spanish autos sacramentales and the poetry of William Butler Yeats. The play's opening performance was designed by the Mexican painter Leonora Carrington. First performed in English in 1996 at the Gate Theatre in London, the play was translated and directed by Sebastian Doggart and starred Sarah Alexander as Beatrice. In 1972, Surrealist author André Pieyre de Mandiargues translated the play into French as La fille de Rappaccini (Editions Mercure de France). Mexican composer Daniel Catán turned the play into an opera in 1992.

Paz's other works translated into English include several volumes of essays, some of the more prominent of which are Alternating Current (tr. 1973), Configurations (tr. 1971), in the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works,[15] The Labyrinth of Solitude (tr. 1963), The Other Mexico (tr. 1972); and El Arco y la Lira (1956; tr. The Bow and the Lyre, 1973). In the United States, Helen Lane's translation of Alternating Current won a National Book Award.[16] Along with these are volumes of critical studies and biographies, including Claude Lévi-Strauss and Marcel Duchamp (both, tr. 1970), and The Traps of Faith, an analytical biography of the Mexican 17th-century nun, feminist poet, mathematician, and thinker Sor Juana de la Cruz.

His works include the poetry collections ¿Águila o sol? (1951), La Estación Violenta, (1956), Piedra de Sol (1957), and in English translation the most prominent include two volumes which include most of Paz in English: Early Poems: 1935–1955 (tr. 1974), and Collected Poems, 1957–1987 (1987). Many of these volumes have been edited and translated by Eliot Weinberger, who is Paz's principal translator into American English.

Political thought

Originally Paz showed his solidarity with the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War, but after learning of the murder of one of his friends by the Republicans themselves he became gradually disillusioned. While in Paris in the early 1950s, influenced by David Rousset, André Breton and Albert Camus, he started publishing his critical views on totalitarianism in general, and against Joseph Stalin in particular.

In his magazines Plural and Vuelta, he exposed the violations of human rights in the communist regimes, including Castro's Cuba. This brought him much animosity from sectors of the Latin American left. In the prologue to Volume IX of his complete works, Paz stated that from the time when he abandoned communist dogma, the mistrust of many in the Mexican intelligentsia started to transform into an intense and open enmity. Nonetheless, Paz always considered himself a man of the left; the democratic, "liberal" left, not the dogmatic and illiberal one.

There can be no society without poetry, but society can never be realized as poetry, it is never poetic. Sometimes the two terms seek to break apart. They cannot.
Octavio Paz[17]

In 1990, during the aftermath of the fall of the Berlin wall, Paz and his Vuelta colleagues invited several of the world's writers and intellectuals to Mexico City to discuss the collapse of communism, including Czesław Miłosz, Hugh Thomas, Daniel Bell, Ágnes Heller, Cornelius Castoriadis, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Jean-François Revel, Michael Ignatieff, Mario Vargas Llosa, Jorge Edwards and Carlos Franqui. The encounter was called The experience of freedom (Spanish: La experiencia de la libertad) and broadcast on Mexican television from 27 August to 2 September.[18] Octavio Paz has been critical of most aspects of the Zapatista uprising.[19] He spoke broadly in favor of a "military solution" to the uprising of January 1994, and hoped that the "army would soon restore order in the region". With respect to President Zedillo's offensive in February 1995, he signed an open letter that described the offensive as a "legitimate government action" to reestablish the "sovereignty of the nation" and to bring "Chiapas peace and Mexicans tranquility"[20]

List of Works

Poetry collections

  • 1933: Luna silvestre
  • 1936: No pasarán!
  • 1937: Raíz del hombre
  • 1937: Bajo tu clara sombra y otros poemas sobre España
  • 1941: Entre la piedra y la flor
  • 1942: A la orilla del mundo, compilation
  • 1949: Libertad bajo palabra
  • 1954: Semillas para un himno
  • 1957: Piedra de Sol (Sunstone)
  • 1958: La estación violenta
  • 1962: Salamandra (1958–1961)
  • 1965: Viento entero
  • 1967: Blanco
  • 1968: Discos visuales
  • 1969: Ladera Este (1962–1968)
  • 1969: La centena (1935–1968)
  • 1971: Topoemas
  • 1972: Renga: A Chain of Poems with Jacques Roubaud, Edoardo Sanguineti and Charles Tomlinson
  • 1975: Pasado en claro
  • 1976: Vuelta
  • 1979: Hijos del aire/Airborn with Charles Tomlinson
  • 1979: Poemas (1935–1975)
  • 1985: Prueba del nueve
  • 1987: Árbol adentro (1976–1987)
  • 1989: El fuego de cada día, selection, preface and notes by Paz

Book translations

  • 1952: Anthologie de la poésie mexicaine, edition and introduction by Octavio Paz
  • 1958: Anthology of Mexican Poetry, edition and introduction by Octavio Paz; translated by Samuel Beckett
  • 1957: Sendas de Oku, by Matsuo Basho, translated in collaboration with Eikichi Hayashiya
  • 1962: Antología, by Fernando Pessoa
  • 1966: Poesía en movimiento (México: 1915–1966), edition by Octavio Paz, Alí Chumacero, Homero Aridjis and Jose Emilio Pacheco
  • 1971: Configurations, translated by G. Aroul (and others)
  • 1974: Versiones y diversiones

Awards

References

  1. ↑ Guillermo Sheridan: Poeta con paisaje: ensayos sobre la vida de Octavio Paz. México: ERA, 2004. p. 27. ISBN 968.411.575.X
  2. ↑ Jaime Perales Contreras: "Octavio Paz y el circulo de la revista Vuelta". Ann Arbor, Michigan: Proquest, 2007. p.46-47. UMI Number 3256542
  3. ↑ Guillermo Sheridan: Poeta con paisaje: ensayos sobre la vida de Octavio Paz. México: ERA, 2004. p. 163. ISBN 968.411.575.X
  4. ↑ Wilson, Jason (1986). Octavio Paz. Boston: G. K. Hall. 
  5. ↑ Rule, Sheila (1990). "Octavio Paz, Mexican Poet, Wins Nobel Prize". New York: New York Times. 
  6. ↑ Preface to The Collected Poems of Octavio Paz: 1957–1987 by Eliot Weignberger'
  7. ↑ Anthony DePalma (May 15, 2012). "Carlos Fuentes, Mexican Man of Letters, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2012. 
  8. ↑ Marcela Valdes (May 16, 2012). "Carlos Fuentes, Mexican novelist, dies at 83". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2012. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nobel Prize Literature 1990
  10. ↑ México, Distrito Federal, Registro Civil (20 Apr 1998). "Civil Death Registration". FamilySearch.org. Genealogical Society of Utah. 2002. Retrieved 22 December 2013. 
  11. ↑ Arana-Ward, Marie (1998). "Octavio Paz, Mexico's Great Idea Man". Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2013. 
  12. ↑ Kandell, Jonathan (1998). "Octavio Paz, Mexico's Man of Letters, Dies at 84". New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2013. 
  13. ↑ Xirau, Ramón (2004) Entre La Poesia y El Conocimiento: Antologia de Ensayos Criticos Sobre Poetas y Poesia Iberoamericanos. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica p. 219.
  14. ↑ Stavans (2003, p. 3). Octavio Paz: A Meditation, University of Arizona Press. 
  15. ↑ Configurations, Historical Collection: UNESCO Culture Sector, UNESCO official website
  16. ↑ "National Book Awards – 1974". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
    There was a National Book Award category Translation from 1967 to 1983.
  17. ↑ Paz, Octavio. "Signs in Rotation" (1967), The Bow and the Lyre, trans. Ruth L.C. Simms (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973), p. 249. 
  18. ↑ Christopher Domínguez Michael (November 2009). "Memorias del encuentro: "La experiencia de la libertad"". Letras Libres (in Spanish). Retrieved July 10, 2013. 
  19. ↑ Huffschmid (2004) pp127-151
  20. ↑ Huffschmid (2004) p145
  21. ↑ Member of Colegio Nacional (in spanish)
  22. ↑ "Honorary Degree National Autonomous University of Mexico". 
  23. ↑ "Honorary Degree Harvard University". 
  24. ↑ Presidency of the Italian Republic. "Awards granted to Octavio Paz by the Italian Republic" (in italian). Retrieved August 13, 2013. 

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