Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Founder member countries(1961)   Other member countries
Secretariat		Paris, France
Official languages		English French
Membership		34 countries  Australia  Austria  Belgium  Canada  Chile  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Israel  Italy  Japan  Luxembourg  Mexico  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Slovakia  Slovenia  South Korea  Spain  Sweden   Switzerland  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States
Leaders
-	Secretary-General	José Ángel Gurría
Establishment
-	as the OEECa	16 April 1948
-	reformed as the OECD	30 September 1961
Website www.OECD.org
a.	Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.

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v t e

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an international economic organisation of 34 countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices and co-ordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),^[1] led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan (which was rejected by the Soviet Union and its satellite states^[2]). This would be achieved by allocating American financial aid and implementing economic programs for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II, where similar efforts in the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 of the United States of America, which stipulated the Marshall Plan that had also taken places elsewhere in the world to war-torn Republic of China and post-war Korea,^[3] but the American recovery program in Europe was the most successful one.^[4]

In 1961, the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and membership was extended to non-European states. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France.

History

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.^[5] It started its operations on 16 April 1948. Since 1949, it was headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France. After the Marshall Plan ended, the OEEC focused on economic issues.^[6]

In the 1950s, the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.

By the end of the 1950s, with the job of rebuilding Europe effectively done, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose, but could be adapted to fulfill a more global mission. It would be a hard-fought task, and after several sometimes fractious meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris starting in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would deal not only with European and Atlantic economic issues, but devise policies to assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members. It would also set to work straight away on bringing in Japan.^[7]

Foundation of the OECD

Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community, the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was drawn up to reform the OEEC. The Convention was signed in December 1960 and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961. It consisted of the European founder countries of the OEEC plus the United States and Canada, with Japan joining three years later. The official founding members are:

During the next 12 years Japan, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution as a nation.^[8]

The OECD created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

Unlike the organizations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling "organisation" with an "s" in its name rather than "organization" (see -ise/-ize).

Enlargement to Central Europe

In 1989, after the Revolutions of 1989, the OECD started to assist countries in Central Europe (especially the Visegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the Programme "Partners in Transition" was launched for the benefit of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.^[8][9] This programme also included a membership option for these countries.^[9] As a result of this, Poland,^[10] Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, as well as Mexico and South Korea^[11] became members of the OECD between 1994 and 2000.

Reform and further enlargement

In the 1990s, a number of European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but, according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.^[12] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become full members of the OECD.^[13] Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.^[14] In 2005, Malta applied to join the organization.^[15] The EU is lobbying for admission of all EU member states.^[16] Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the organisation through the letter addressed by the Romanian Prime-Minister Victor-Viorel Ponta to the OECD Secretary-General, Angel Gurria.^[17] In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it will apply for full membership before the OECD Secretariat.^[18]

In 2003, the OECD established a working group headed by Japan's Ambassador to the OECD Seiichiro Noboru to work out a strategy for the enlargement and co-operation with non-members. The working group proposed that the selection of candidate countries to be based on four criteria: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations". The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 and 14 May 2004. Based on these recommendations work, the meeting adopted an agreement on operationalisation of the proposed guidelines and on the drafting of a list of countries suitable as potential candidates for membership.^[8] As a result of this work, on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia and to strengthen co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.^[19] Chile, Slovenia, Israel and Estonia all became members in 2010.^[20][21]

In 2011, President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia expressed the country's willingness to join the organization during a speech at the OECD headquarters.^[22]

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia. It also announced its intention to open talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania in 2015.^[23]

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Peru^[24] and Malaysia.^[25]

Objectives and activities

Aim

The OECD defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a setting to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies.^[26] Its mandate covers economic, environmental, and social issues. It acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties. In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, with trade unions and with other representatives of civil society. Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has fostered the growth of a global web of bilateral tax treaties.

The OECD promotes policies designed:

• to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy;
• to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development; and
• to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.

International investments and multinational enterprises

Between 1995 and 1998, the OECD designed the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, which was abandoned because of a widespread criticism from civil society groups and developing countries. In 1976, the OECD adopted the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, which was rewritten and annexed by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2000.

Among other areas, the OECD has taken a role in co-ordinating international action on corruption and bribery, creating the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which came into effect in February 1999. It has been ratified by thirty-eight countries.^[27]

The OECD has also constituted an anti-spam task force, which submitted a detailed report, with several background papers on spam problems in developing countries, best practices for ISPs, e-mail marketers, etc., appended. It works on the information economy^[28] and the future of the Internet economy.^[29]

PISA

The OECD publishes the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which is an assessment that allows educational performances to be examined on a common measure across countries.

Taxation

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for bilateral negotiations regarding tax coordination and cooperation. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective as between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be very unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings).

Since 1998, the OECD has led a charge against harmful tax practices, principally targeting the activities of tax havens (while principally accepting the policies of its member countries, which would tend to encourage tax competition). These efforts have been met with mixed reaction: The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.^[30] The OECD maintains a 'blacklist' of countries it considers uncooperative in the drive for transparency of tax affairs and the effective exchange of information, officially called "The List of Uncooperative Tax Havens".^[31] In May 2009, all remaining countries were removed from the list.^[32]

On 22 October 2008, at an OECD meeting in Paris, 17 countries led by France and Germany decided to draw up a new blacklist of tax havens. The OECD has been asked to investigate around 40 new tax havens in the world where undeclared revenue is hidden and that host many of the non-regulated hedge funds that have come under fire during the 2008 financial crisis. Germany, France, and other countries called on the OECD to specifically add Switzerland to a blacklist of countries that encourage tax fraud.^[33]

Publishing

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary.

The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment: www.oecd.org/libraryandarchives.

Books

The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. The publications are updated accordingly to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

• The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries.
• The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
• The OECD Factbook, published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via Statlinks.
• The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
• In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration.

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.^{[n 1]}

Magazine

OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine^{[n 2]} launched in 1962.^[34] The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook,^{[n 3]} launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.^[35] The online and mobile^[36] editions are updated regularly. News, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges. Contains listing of the latest OECD books, plus ordering information.^[37] A OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.^[38]

Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects.

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

• as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
• as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
• as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).

It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.

Structure

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:

• The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organization.
• The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
• The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Ángel Gurría), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organized into Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

Meetings

Delegates from the member countries attend committees' and other meetings. Former Deputy-Secretary General Pierre Vinde estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.^[39] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations.^{[citation needed]} In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

Noteworthy meetings include:

• The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
• The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. This takes the form of conferences and discussions and is open to public participation.
• Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (i.e. all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
• The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.

Secretariat

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation, and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

• Centre for Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Local Development
• Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
• Development Co-operation Directorate
• Directorate for Education
• Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
• Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
• Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry
• Economics Department
• Environment Directorate
• Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
• Statistics Directorate
• Trade and Agriculture Directorate
• General Secretariat
• Executive Directorate
• Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently around US$510 million (€342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product.^[40] The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the U.K. and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis.

As an international organisation the terms of employment of the OECD Secretariat staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations associated with the OECD. In order to maintain working conditions that are similar to similarly structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of co-ordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the European Union and the European Patent Organisation.

Secretaries-General

See source.

• 1948–1955   Robert Marjolin
• 1955–1960   René Sergent
• 1960–1969   Thorkil Kristensen
• 1969–1984   Emiel van Lennep
• 1984–1994   Jean-Claude Paye
• 1994   Staffan Sohlman (interim)
• 1994–1996   Jean-Claude Paye
• 1996–2006   Donald Johnston
• 2006–present   José Ángel Gurría

Committees

Representatives of the 34 OECD member countries and a number of observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.^[41]

Special bodies

• Africa Partnership Forum
• Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)
• Development Assistance Committee
• OECD Development Centre
• Institutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE)
• International Transport Forum (ITF) (formally known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport)
• International Energy Agency
• Nuclear Energy Agency
• Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG)
• Sahel and West Africa Club
• Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)

Member countries

Current members

There are currently 34 members of the OECD. The list includes 21 of the 28 European Union member states, all except Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Romania.

Country	Application	Negotiations	Invitation	Membership[42]	Geographic location	Notes
Australia				01971-06-077 June 1971	Oceania
Austria				01961-09-2929 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Belgium				01961-09-1313 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Canada				01961-04-1010 April 1961	North America
Chile	02003-11-01November 2003[44][45]	02007-05-1616 May 2007[46]	02009-12-1515 December 2009[47]	02010-05-077 May 2010	South America
Czech Republic	01994-01-01January 1994[48]	01994-06-088 June 1994[49]	01995-11-2424 November 1995[48]	01995-12-2121 December 1995	Europe
Denmark				01961-05-3030 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Estonia		02007-05-1616 May 2007[46]	02010-05-1010 May 2010[50]	02010-12-099 December 2010	Europe
Finland				01969-01-2828 January 1969	Europe
France				01961-08-077 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Germany				01961-09-2727 September 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).[51] Previously represented by the Trizone.[43] The OECD was expanded to include the former East Germany, after German unification in October, 1990.
Greece				01961-09-2727 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Hungary	01993-12-01December 1993[52]	01994-06-088 June 1994[49]		01996-05-077 May 1996	Europe
Iceland				01961-06-055 June 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Ireland				01961-08-1717 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Israel	02004-03-1515 March 2004[53]	02007-05-1616 May 2007[46]	02010-05-1010 May 2010[50]	02010-09-077 September 2010	Middle East (Asia)	Membership disputed due to ongoing sovereignty disputes vis-a-vis the Palestinian Authority
Italy				01962-03-2929 March 1962	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Japan	01962-11-01November 1962[54]		01963-07-01July 1963[54]	01964-04-2828 April 1964	Asia
South Korea	01995-03-2929 March 1995[55]		01996-10-2525 October 1996[56]	01996-12-1212 December 1996	Asia
Luxembourg				01961-12-077 December 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Mexico			01994-04-1414 April 1994[57]	01994-05-1818 May 1994	North America
Netherlands				01961-11-1313 November 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
New Zealand				01973-05-2929 May 1973	Oceania
Norway				01961-07-044 July 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Poland	01994-02-011 February 1994[58]	01994-06-088 June 1994[49]	01996-07-1111 July 1996[59]	01996-11-2222 November 1996	Europe
Portugal				01961-08-044 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Slovakia	01994-02-01February 1994[60]	01994-06-088 June 1994[49]	02000-07-01July 2000[60]	02000-12-1414 December 2000	Europe
Slovenia	01996-03-01March 1996[61]	02007-05-1616 May 2007[46]	02010-05-1010 May 2010[50]	02010-07-2121 July 2010	Europe
Spain				01961-08-033 August 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1958.[62]
Sweden				01961-09-2828 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Switzerland				01961-09-2828 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
Turkey				01961-08-022 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
United Kingdom				01961-05-022 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member.[43]
United States				01961-04-1212 April 1961	North America

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.^[63]

Former members

•  Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) (member of the OEEC until 1954, where it ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity).^[43]

Currently in accession talks

•  Colombia: In May 2013, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Colombia.^[64] On October 25, 2013, The OECD officially launched Colombia's accession process.^[65]
•  Latvia: In May 2013, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Latvia.^[64]
•  Russia: In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.^[19]

Likely to open accession talks in 2015

•  Costa Rica: In May 2013, the OECD declared its intention to open accession negotiations with Costa Rica in 2015.^[64]
•  Lithuania: In May 2013, the OECD declared its intention to open accession negotiations with Lithuania in 2015.^[64]

Relations with non-members

Currently, 25 non-members participate as regular observers or full participants in OECD Committees. About 50 non-members are engaged in OECD working parties, schemes or programmes. The OECD conducts a policy dialogue and capacity building activities with non-members (Country Programmes, Regional Approaches and Global Forums) to share their views on best policy practices and to bear on OECD's policy debate. The OECD's Global Relations Secretariat develops and oversees the strategic orientations of the relations with non-members.

On 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to strengthen OECD's co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa, through a process of enhanced engagement.^[19] The countries listed are key partners to the OECD. The countries contribute to the OECD's work in a sustained and comprehensive manner by direct and active participation in substantive bodies of the Organisation determined by mutual interest.^[66]

The OECD explores the possibilities for enhanced co-operation with selected countries and regions of strategic interest to the OECD, giving priority to South East Asia with a view to identifying countries for possible membership.

Criticism

The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and developing countries. The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its limited membership to a select few rich nations.^[67] In 1997–1998, the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment. Also the OECD's actions against competitive tax practices has raised criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.^[30]

Indicators

The following table shows various data for OECD member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various composite indices, including human development, viability of the state, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.

Country	Area[68] (km²) 2011	Population[68] 2012	GDP (PPP)[68] (Intl. $) 2012	GDP (PPP) per capita[68] (Intl. $) 2012	Income inequality[68] 1993-2011 (latest available)	HDI[69] 2012	FSI[70] 2013	CPI[71] 2012	IEF[72] 2013	GPI[73] 2013	WPFI[74] 2013	DI[75] 2012
Australia	7,741,220	22,683,600	1,008,547,333,117	44,462	35.19	0.938	25.4	85	82.6	1.438	15.24	9.22
Austria	83,879	8,462,446	366,628,708,981	43,324	29.15	0.895	26.9	69	71.8	1.250	9.40	8.62
Belgium	30,530	11,142,157	433,256,794,743	38,884	32.97	0.897	30.9	75	69.2	1.339	12.94	8.05
Canada	9,984,670	34,880,491	1,489,164,789,852	42,693	32.56	0.911	26.0	84	79.4	1.306	12.69	9.08
Chile	756,096	17,464,814	395,671,160,768	22,655	52.06	0.819	42.3	72	79.0	1.589	26.24	7.54
Czech Republic	78,870	10,514,810	277,864,930,670	26,426	25.82	0.873	39.9	49	70.9	1.404	10.17	8.19
Denmark	43,090	5,590,478	231,378,526,595	41,388	24.70	0.901	21.9	90	76.1	1.207	7.08	9.52
Estonia	45,230	1,339,396	30,838,807,349	23,024	36.00	0.846	45.3	64	75.3	1.710	9.26	7.61
Finland	338,420	5,414,293	206,990,117,656	38,230	26.88	0.892	18.0	90	74.0	1.297	6.38	9.06
France	549,190	65,696,689	2,354,874,045,720	35,845	32.74	0.893	32.6	71	64.1	1.863	21.60	7.88
Germany	357,127	81,889,839	3,307,873,188,922	40,394	28.31	0.920	29.7	79	72.8	1.431	10.24	8.34
Greece	131,960	11,280,167	278,242,720,026	24,667	34.27	0.860	50.6	36	55.4	1.957	28.46	7.65
Hungary	93,030	9,943,755	214,491,173,390	21,570	31.18	0.831	47.6	55	67.3	1.520	26.09	6.96
Iceland	103,000	320,137	12,015,781,080	37,533	N/A	0.906	24.7	82	72.1	1.162	8.49	9.65
Ireland	70,280	4,588,798	195,766,164,414	42,662	34.28	0.916	24.8	69	75.7	1.370	10.06	8.56
Israel	22,070	7,907,900	223,730,442,038a	28,809a	39.20	0.900	N/Ab	60	66.9	2.730	32.97	7.53
Italy	301,340	60,917,978	1,980,574,405,914	32,512	36.03	0.881	44.6	42	60.6	1.663	26.11	7.74
Japan	377,955	127,561,489	4,490,680,824,327	35,204	24.85	0.912	36.1	74	71.8	1.293	25.17	8.08
South Korea	99,900	50,004,000	1,536,211,650,273	30,722	31.59	0.909	35.4	56	70.3	1.822	24.48	8.13
Luxembourg	2,590	531,441	46,935,952,899	88,318	30.76	0.875	23.3	80	74.2	N/A	6.68	8.88
Mexico	1,964,380	120,847,477	2,015,280,915,679	16,676	47.16	0.775	73.1	34	67.0	2.434	45.30	6.90
Netherlands	41,540	16,767,705	719,966,970,878	42,938	30.90	0.921	26.9	84	73.5	1.508	6.48	8.99
New Zealand	267,710	4,433,100	139,640,025,455	31,499	36.17	0.919	22.7	90	81.4	1.237	8.38	9.26
Norway	323,790	5,018,869	315,019,149,687	62,767	25.79	0.955	21.5	85	70.5	1.359	6.52	9.93
Poland	312,680	38,542,737	844,212,753,335	21,903	32.73	0.821	40.9	58	66.0	1.530	13.11	7.12
Portugal	92,090	10,526,703	266,383,266,137	25,305	38.45	0.816	32.6	63	63.1	1.467	16.75	7.92
Slovakia	49,036	5,410,267	134,692,148,545	24,896	26.00	0.840	45.3	46	68.7	1.622	13.25	7.35
Slovenia	20,270	2,058,152	55,160,462,097	26,801	31.15	0.892	32.3	61	61.7	1.374	20.49	7.88
Spain	505,600	46,217,961	1,484,950,148,914	32,129	34.66	0.885	44.4	65	68.0	1.563	20.50	8.02
Sweden	450,300	9,516,617	401,761,610,893	42,217	25.00	0.916	19.7	88	72.9	1.319	9.23	9.73
Switzerland	41,280	7,997,152	416,356,036,754	52,063	33.68	0.913	21.5	86	81.0	1.272	9.94	9.09
Turkey	783,560	73,997,128	1,306,155,176,480	17,651	40.03	0.722	75.9	49	62.9	2.437	46.56	5.76
United Kingdom	243,610	63,227,526	2,264,750,615,639	35,819	35.97	0.875	33.2	74	74.8	1.787	16.89	8.21
United States	9,831,510	313,914,040	15,684,800,000,000	49,965	40.81	0.937	33.5	73	76.0	2.126	18.22	8.11
zzzOECDc	36,137,803	1,256,610,112	45,130,866,799,229	35,915	33.24	0.881	34.8	69	71.1	1.587	17.10	8.25
Country	Area (km²) 2011	Population 2012	GDP (PPP) (Intl. $) 2012	GDP (PPP) per capita (Intl. $) 2012	Income inequality 1993-2011 (latest available)	HDI 2012	FSI 2013	CPI 2012	IEF 2013	GPI 2013	WPFI 2013	DI 2012

a Data refer to 2011. b The FSI index supplies no figure for Israel per se, but rather supplies an average (80.8) for "Israel / West Bank". c OECD total used for indicators 1 through 3; OECD weighted average used for indicator 4; OECD unweighted average used for indicators 5 through 12.

Note: The colors indicate the country's global position in the respective indicator. For example, a green cell indicates that the country is ranked in the upper 25% of the list (including all countries with available data).

Highest quartile

Upper-mid (2nd to 3rd quartile)

Lower-mid (1st to 2nd quartile)

Lowest

See also

• Competition regulator
• Frascati Manual
• German Marshall Fund
• Good Laboratory Practice
• Gulf Co-operation Council
• International organisations in Europe
• OECD Better Life Index
• Official development assistance
• Official statistics
• OSCE countries statistics
• SourceOECD
• Transfer pricing

Notes

1. ↑ The Library and Archives' website is oecd.org/libraryandarchives.
2. ↑ Highly Commended certificate in the annual ALPSP/Charlesworth awards from the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers 2002; see article .
3. ↑ The yearbook's website is oecd.org/yearbook.

References

External links

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
• OECD iLibrary – OECD's portal for books, reports, statistics, working papers and journals
• International Futures Programme
• OECD Forum
• Text of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
• The OECD Observer
• OECD Statistical portal
• OECD-UNDP Partnership for Democratic Governance
• Statistics
• OECD Economic forecast
• Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
• OECD Factbook
• OECD: Staff rules, regulations and instructions applicable to officials of the organisation

Video clips

• OECD YouTube channel
• OECD French Language YouTube channel
• OECD Development Centre at YouTube

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