Northern Shoshone

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Northern Shoshone

Tindoor, Lemhi Shoshone chief and his wife, Idaho, ca. 1897, photograph by Benedicte Wrensted
Regions with significant populations
 United States ( Idaho, Utah,  Wyoming)
Languages
Shoshone,[1] English
Religion
Native American Church, Sun Dance,
traditional tribal religion,[2] Christianity, Ghost Dance
Related ethnic groups
other Shoshone people, Bannock

Northern Shoshone are Shoshone indigenous peoples of the Great Basin who primarily live in southern Idaho and the westernmost edge of Wyoming. They are culturally affiliated with the Bannock people.

Language

Northern Shoshone is a dialect of the Shoshone language, a Central Numic language in the Uto-Aztecan language family. It is primarily spoken on the Fort Hall and Wind River Reservations.[1]

Bands

Bands of Shoshone people were named for their geographic homelands and for their primary foodsources.

  • Agaideka or Agai-deka (Akaitikka, Salmon Eaters, Lemhi Shoshone, Mountain Shoshone, living on the middle and lower Snake River and in the Lemhi River Valley, Lemhi Range and Beaverhead Mountains in Idaho,[3][3][4] originally following the same lifeway as the Tukudeka, after obtaining horses in the eighteenth century they went on buffalo hunts, since they were also called Kuccuntikka or Kuchun-deka (Guchundeka, Kutsindüka, Buffalo Eaters)
  • Doyahinee (Mountain people)[2] or Banaiti Doyanee[5] (Bannock Moutaineers, because of great intermarriage with Bannock people)
  • Kammitikka or Kamu-deka (Jack Rabbit Eaters, Northwestern Shoshone), Snake River, Great Salt Lake[3] living from a base on Bannock Creek and Arbon Valley they claimed lands extending from Raft River to the Portneuf River and Portneuf Range in northern Utah and southern Idaho, so that their country took in part of the Fort Hall Reservation when it was established in 1867. In 1873, the three major Bannock Creek bands (Pocatello’s, with 101 people; San Pitch, with 124; and Sagwitch, with 158) moved to the reservation at Fort Hall, and a small group went to Wind River.
  • Hukundüka or Hukan-deka (Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters, Wild Wheat Eaters, Northwestern Shoshone), possibly synonymous with Kammitikka[3]
  • Painkwitikka or Pengwideka (Penkwitikka, Fish Eaters, Northwestern Shoshone), Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah
  • Tukudeka or Tuku-deka (Tukkutikka, Dukundeka), Sheep Eaters, Mountain Sheep Eaters, Mountain Shoshone, living in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington, along the Salmon River, Salmon River Mountains, in the Sawtooth Valley surrounded by the Sawtooth Range, upper Payette River, in the Bitterroot Mountains and Beaverhead Mountains in Idaho and in the Wind River Range in western Wyoming, wandering north toward the upper Beaverhead drainage[6] and the upper Yellowstone River in northern Wyoming and southern Montana, only the Tukkutikka bands living in the Wind River Range and the Yellowstone River region settled with the main body of Eastern Shoshone onto the Wind River Reservation,[7] the majority joined as part of the Lemhi Shoshone and some Bannock the Northern Shoshone,[3][4] possibly synomous with Doyahinee (Mountain people) or Banaiti Doyanee
  • Boho'inee or Pohokwi (Pohogwe, Pohoini, Sage Grass people, Sagebrush Butte People,[2] which refers to Ferry Butte at Fort Hall), mixed Shoshone-Bannock band, living in southeastern Idaho on the Snake River Plain, in the Wind River Range, Salmon Falls on Snake River and wintered in the vicinity of the trading post Fort Hall, but also claimed the Camas Prairie as home, later called Fort Hall Shoshone or "Sho-Bans", also considered part of the Eastern Shoshone Bands
  • Yahandeka or Yahantikka (Yakandika, Groundhog Eaters), lower Boise, Payette, Bruneau and Weiser Rivers[3][4] This country was called Shewoki or si.wo.kki?i - "willow-striped".

Tribes and reservations

  • Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho, 544,000 acres (2,201 km²) in Idaho, Lemhi Shoshone with the Bannock Indians, a Paiute band with which they have merged
  • Lemhi Indian Reservation (1875–1907) in Idaho, Lemhi Shoshone, removed to Fort Hall Reservation
  • Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation of Utah (Washakie)

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Shoshoni." Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Loether, Christopher. "Shoshones." Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Murphy and Murphy 306
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Murphy and Murphy 287
  5. ↑ Eastern Shoshone Dictionary
  6. ↑ Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series: SHOSHONI AND NORTHERN PAIUTE INDIANS IN IDAHO
  7. ↑ DIVERSITY IN COSMOLOGY: THE CASE OF THE WIND RIVER SHOSHONI

References

Further reading

External links

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