Norman Armour

Norman Armour
United States Ambassador to Haiti
In office July 25, 1932 – March 21, 1935
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Dana G. Munro
Succeeded by	George A. Gordon
United States Ambassador to Canada
In office August 7, 1935 – January 15, 1939
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Warren Delano Robbins
Succeeded by	Daniel Calhoun Roper
United States Ambassador to Chile
In office April 21, 1938 – June 10, 1939
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	James B. Cunningham
Succeeded by	Claude G. Bowers
United States Ambassador to Argentina
In office May 18, 1939 – June 29, 1944
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Alexander W. Weddell
Succeeded by	Spruille Braden
United States Ambassador to Spain
In office December 15, 1944 – December 1, 1945
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Carlton J. H. Hayes
Succeeded by	Philip W. Bonsal
United States Ambassador to Venezuela
In office December 7, 1950 – October 2, 1951
President	Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	Walter J. Donnelly
Succeeded by	Fletcher Warren
United States Ambassador to Guatemala
In office October 18, 1954 – May 9, 1955
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	John Emil Peurifoy
Succeeded by	Edward J. Sparks
Personal details
Born	(1887-10-14)October 14, 1887 Brighton, England
Died	September 27, 1982(1982-09-27) (aged 94)
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic Party
Spouse(s)	Myra Sergueievna Koudashev
Alma mater	Princeton University; Harvard Law School

Norman Armour (October 14, 1887– September 27, 1982) was a career United States diplomat who The New York Times once called "the perfect diplomat". In his long career spanning both World Wars, he served as Chief of Mission in eight countries, as Assistant Secretary of State for Political Affairs, and married into Russian nobility.

Career

Armour was born in Brighton, England while his parents were vacationing there. He grew up in Princeton, New Jersey and graduated from St. Paul's School and Princeton University in 1909. In 1913, he graduated from Harvard Law School before returning to Princeton to study diplomacy. His first posts were to Austria in 1912 and France from 1915-1916 before formally entering the Foreign Service.

Russia

One of his first assignments in the foreign service was as Second Secretary in the United States embassy in Petrograd in the Russian Empire, beginning in 1916 (during World War I). After the collapse of Czarist Russia, the Bolsheviks seized control of the government and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers which marked their exit from World War I. (These events precipitated the Russian Civil War which would lead to the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922.) Prior to the formal signing of the treaty, the United States partially evacuated their embassy, but Armour remained as part of the limited staff. On July 25, the Russian authorities ordered the diplomats out of Petrograd and a new legation was set up in Vologda. The North Russia Campaign, an Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War, further destabilized the situation and resulted in the legation becoming essentially under siege. (The Russian army had already attacked the British consulate and killed its Attache.) At this point, the order of events for Armour becomes somewhat unclear.

According to news reports of the time, Armour was arrested and brought back to Moscow, where he and other Americans (diplomats and otherwise) were allowed to flee the country on August 26, by train to Sweden, arriving on September 5. Later, it was revealed that Armour had during this period used a fake Norwegian passport and, disguised as a courier, sneaked back into Petrograd and arranged for Princess Myra Koudashev, of Petrograd to escape the country. (Contrary to the contemporary reports, his obituary in the New York Times also says that he did not travel in the refugee train from Moscow, but rather escaped himself to Finland, still disguised as a courier, where he caught up with them.) On November 2, shortly after they arrived back in the United States, they announced their engagement. They were married February 2, 1919 in Brussels, Belgium.

Russian background of Mrs. Armour

Née Myra Sergueievna Koudashev, Mrs. Amour was a daughter of a first marriage of Tatar Prince Serguey Vladimirovich Kudashev, to a Russian Countess of the Nieroth family, being born in Saint Petersburg, 7 April 1895.

Over the following years, diplomat Armour served in a number of embassies and consulates, including those in Belgium, The Netherlands, Uruguay, Italy, the United States Department of State (1922–1924), Japan (1925–1928), and France (1928–1932).

France

In 1929, after the death of Myron T. Herrick on March 31, 1929, Armour was made Chargé d'affaires and Head of the Embassy in Paris until the selection of a replacement. This was Armour's first time as Chief of Mission. Armour was also an extremely popular social figure in France and he and his wife were often written about in American newspapers, flaunting the Parisian high life.

Haiti

In 1932, Armour was elevated to Envoy and assigned as Minister to Haiti in the Caribbean. His primary responsibility in Haiti was to work toward returning the government of the country back to native hands at the conclusion of the United States occupation of Haiti which had been in effect since prior to World War I for some 19 years. He was selected to the position due to his fluency in French, but also as a sign to the Haitians that the United States would put a well-respected diplomat in their country. On August 7, 1933, Armour signed a treaty with Haiti "to return government functions to the Haitians by October 1944 and to withdraw the United States Marines stationed there by November 1944. (The plan succeeded ahead of schedule as Marines left the country on August 14, 1934.)

Canada

After the death in office of Warren Delano Robbins, Armour was made Minister to Canada. His appointment to Canada so soon after his success in Haiti was meant to underscore Canada's importance to the United States, according to the New York Times.

During his time in Canada, the State Department banned marriages between diplomatic personnel and the citizens of foreign countries they served due to potential conflict of interest problems. Though there were at this time 122 diplomats that had taken foreign wives, Armour's high-profile relationship with his highborn Russian wife and the way in which they were engaged were commonly cited by the press on both sides of the issue.

Chile & Argentina

In 1938, Armour was appointed as Ambassador to Chile, was a post in which he served relatively uneventfully.

The following year, he was appointed as Ambassador to Argentina, as the Second World War was heating up. During this period, Armour worked to negotiate better trade relations with these South American countries, and once the United States entered the war, to apply pressure on them to not support the Axis Powers. (One of the provisions of the treaty that he helped negotiate essentially cut off the supply of Tungsten, essential for steels in armored tanks and in electrical lamps, to Japan from Argentina. Imports from that country to Japan accounted for half of that country's supply.) However, Argentina refused to budge off key issues and remained ostensibly neutral.

In 1941, Armour was made honorary director of the 1st Pan-American Games which were to be held in 1942. The games were called off due to the war.

Near the end of the war, on January 26, 1944, Argentina finally caved to pressure from Britain and the United States and broke ties with the Axis Powers. However, almost immediately after, the General Edelmiro Julián Farrell seized power in a coup from President General Pedro Pablo Ramírez.

Both Generals backed quite closely General Juan Domingo Perón, their successor from June 1946 to July 1974, who was President in three different periods: 1946–1952, 1952-1955 till a military coup ousted him, and then from September 1973, after 18 years in the exile, to 1 July 1974 when he died.

As a result of this turmoil, the United States refused to recognize the legitimacy of the new government. Armour was ordered to remain in Argentina, but not to officially establish relations of any kind with the new government until a list of conditions were met. The United States officially suspended relations with the country on March 3, 1944, believing that the coup was backed by pro-Axis groups. Armour was officially recalled June 27, 1944.

After his recall, Armour was made acting-Chief of the Department of Latin American Affairs, now probably integrated under the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs in the State Department, until his appointment the following year, 15 December 1944, to Spain, presenting his credentials three and a half months later, March 24, 1945.

Spain & retirement

In Spain, Armour continued to apply pressure on the government of Francisco Franco due in part to its support of the Axis powers during the Second World War. On his retirement on November 29, 1945, formally, 1st December 1945, only 8 months afterwards, the United States further isolated Spain by refusing to send another Ambassador until 1951.

A resolution of the United Nations, document 32(I) 9 February 1946, commended General Franco's regimen stating:

.... the actual Spanish Government, founded through the help of the powers of the Axis, not possessing , in view of his origins , nature, historical and the intimate association with the agreeing States, the conditions justifying his admission...,

....El actual gobierno español, el cual habiendo sido fundado con el apoyo de las potencias del Eje, no posee, en vistas de sus orígenes, su naturaleza, su historial y su íntima asociación con los Estados agresores, las condiciones que justifiquen su admisión.

During that period December 1945 - March 1951, the U.S. embassy remained open with a succession of Chargé d'Affaires, namely, Philip W. Bonsal, from March 1946 to June 1947, Paul T. Culbertson, from June 1947 to December 1952 and Stanton Griffis.

The later Chargé d'Áffaires was appointed on February 1, 1951 again as an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary presenting his credentials: March 1, 1951, just only one month after his appointment but he relinquished the charge January 28, 1952, 12 months after.

In 1947, Armour came out of retirement to serve as an Assistant Secretary of State of Political Affairs under George C. Marshall. On July 15, 1948, he retired for a second time. Three years later, in 1950, Armour was asked out of retirement again to serve as Ambassador to Venezuela. In 1954, he came out of retirement for a third time to serve as Ambassador to Guatemala, a post he only served in for seven months.

According to an interview in 1976, Armour indicated that he was proudest of his work in 1954, protesting the attacks of Joseph R. McCarthy, a Republican Senator from Wisconsin, on the members of the Foreign Service, suspected of connivance with communism during the ongoing Cold War, in his February 9, 1950 Wheeling Speech on Lincoln Day to the Republican Women Club of Wheeling, West Virginia.

With a Russian wife, no matter whether she was an exiled Tsarist times aristocrat descending from Tatar Princes settled at the Saint Petersburg corridors of power centuries before, there werre grounds for deep suspicions, and as a Catholic member of the Democratic Party under Democrat Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. The enemy was within and at thousands of Kilometers as well, something to worry about. indeed, for the next decades.

Armour died in 1982 and was buried in Princeton Cemetery.

References

External links

• Norman Armour Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
• Norman Armour at Find a Grave

v t e United States Ambassadors to Canada Phillips (1927–29) MacNider (1930–32) Robbins (1933–35) Armour (1935–39) Roper (1939) Cromwell (1940) Moffat (1940–43) Atherton (1943–48) Steinhardt (1949–50) Woodward (1950–53) Stuart (1953–56) Merchant (1956–58) Wigglesworth (1959–60) Merchant (1961–62) Butterworth (1962–68) Linder (1968–69) Schmidt (1969–74) Porter (1974–75) Enders (1976–79) Curtis (1979–81) Robinson (1981–85) Niles (1985–89) Ney (1989–92) Teeley (1992–93) Blanchard (1993–96) Giffin (1997–2001) Cellucci (2001–05) Wilkins (2005–09) Jacobson (2009–13)

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