Norian

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System	Series	Stage	Age (Ma)
Jurassic	Early	Hettangian	younger
Triassic	Late	Rhaetian	201.3–208.5
		Norian	208.5–~228
		Carnian	~228–~235
	Middle	Ladinian	~235–~242
	Middle	Anisian	~242–247.2
	Early	Olenekian	247.2–251.2
	Early	Induan	251.2–252.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	older
Subdivision of the Triassic system according to the IUGS, as of July 2012.

The Norian is a division of the Triassic geological period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). The Norian lasted from ~228 to ~208.5 million years ago.^[1] It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.^[2]

Stratigraphic definitions

The Norian was named after the Noric Alps in Austria. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Austrian geologist Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar in 1869.

The Norian stage begins at the base of the ammonite biozones of Klamathites macrolobatus and Stikinoceras kerri, and at the base of the conodont biozones of Metapolygnathus communisti and Metapolygnathus primitius. A global reference profile for the base (a GSSP) had in 2009 not yet been appointed.

The top of the Norian (the base of the Rhaetian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Cochloceras amoenum. The base of the Rheatian is also close to the first appearance of conodont species Misikella spp. and Epigondolella mosheri and the radiolarid species Proparvicingula moniliformis.

In the Tethys domain, the Norian stage contains six ammonite biozones:

zone of Halorites macer
zone of Himavatites hogarti
zone of Cyrtopleurites bicrenatus
zone of Juvavites magnus
zone of Malayites paulckei
zone of Guembelites jandianus

Palaeontology

Synapsids
Aetosaurs
Dicynodonts
Phytosaurs

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of the Norian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Agnosphitys				Agnosphitys Coelophysis Liliensternus Plateosaurus Thecodontosaurus
Coelophysis	Late Carnian to early Norian	Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, USA
Liliensternus
Plateosaurus
Thecodontosaurus	Norian/Rhaetian

†Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Norian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Eudimorphodon				Eudimorphodon Peteinosaurus Preondactylus
Peteinosaurus
Preondactylus

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs of the Norian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Saltoposuchus				Saltoposuchus

†Ichthyosaurs

Ichthyosaurs of the Norian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Shonisaurus Shonisaurus popularis		Nevada, USA		Shonisaurus

†Dinosauromorphs (non-dinosaurian)

†Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs of the Norian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Dromomeron				Dromomeron
Eucoelophysis		New Mexico

†Placodonts

Placodonts of the Norian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Psephoderma				Psephoderma

†Crurotarsans (non-crocodylomorph)

†Non-crocodylomorph Crurotarsans of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Basutodon		Lesotho		Teratosaurus
Teratosaurus

Mammalia

Mammalia^[3] of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Eozostrodon
Kuehneotherium	From Norian to Sinemurian	Greenland and Western Europe	A Late Triassic-Early Jurassic symmetrodontan.
Morganucodon
Sinocodon

†Ammonites

Acanthinites

References

Notes

↑ According to Gradstein et al. (2004). Brack et al. (2005) give 226 to 207 million years
↑ See for a detailed geologic timescale Gradstein et al. (2004)
↑ The genera listed are included in Mammalia by Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004) but not by those who restrict the taxon to the crown group.

Literature

Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.; 2005: The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale, Episodes 28(4), pp. 233–244.
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Cifelli, R. L.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; 2004: Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs, Columbia University Press.
Martz, J.W.; 2008: Lithostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Dockum Group (Upper Triassic), of southern Garza County, West Texas, Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Tech.

External links

GeoWhen Database - Norian
Upper Triassic timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy: Stratigraphic charts for the Triassic, and

Triassic Period
Lower/Early Triassic	Middle Triassic	Upper/Late Triassic
Induan \|Olenekian	Anisian \| Ladinian	Carnian \| Norian Rhaetian

Geologic history of Earth

Precambrian supereon (4.6 Gya – 542 Mya)

In left column are eons; right column: bold are eras; not bold are periods:

Hadean
(4.6 – 3.8 Gya)

Paleohadean (4.6 – 4.3 Gya)

Mesohadean (4.3 – 4.1 Gya)

Neohadean (4.1 – 3.8 Gya)

Archean
(3.8 – 2.5 Gya)

Eoarchean (3.8 – 3.6 Gya)

Paleoarchean (3.6 – 3.2 Gya)

Mesoarchean (3.2 – 2.8 Gya)

Neoarchean (2.8 – 2.5 Gya)

Proterozoic
(2.5 Gya – 542 Mya)

Paleoproterozoic (2.5 – 1.6 Gya): Siderian (2.5 – 2.3 Gya) Rhyacian (2.3 – 2.05 Gya) Orosirian (2.05 – 1.8 Gya) Statherian (1.8 – 1.6 Gya)

Mesoproterozoic (1.6 – 1 Gya): Calymmian (1.6 – 1.4 Gya) Ectasian (1.4 – 1.2 Gya) Stenian (1.2 – 1 Gya)

Neoproterozoic (1 Gya – 541.0 Mya): Tonian (1 Gya – 850 Mya) Cryogenian (850 – 635 Mya) Ediacaran (635 – 542 Mya)

Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.

Phanerozoic eon (542 Mya – Today)

In horizontal bars are eras; in left column are periods; right column: bold are epochs; not bold not italic are ages; italic are chrons:

Paleozoic (542 – 250 Mya)

Cambrian
(542 – 485 Mya)

Terreneuvian (542 – 521 Mya): Fortunian (542 – 529 Mya) Age 2* (529 – 521 Mya)

*Epoch 2 (521 – 509 Mya)*: Age 3 (521 – 514 Mya) Age 4* (514 – 509 Mya)

*Epoch 3 (509 – 497 Mya)*: Age 5 (509 – 505 Mya) Drumian (505 – 501 Mya) Guzhangian (501 – 497 Mya)

Furongian (497 – 485 Mya): Paibian (497 – 494 Mya) Jiangshanian (494 – 490 Mya) Age 10* (490 – 485 Mya)

Ordovician
(485 – 443 Mya)

Early Ordovician (485 – 470 Mya): Tremadocian (485 – 478 Mya) Floian (478 – 470 Mya)

Middle Ordovician (470.0 – 458.4 Mya): Dapingian (470 – 467 Mya) Darriwilian (467 – 458 Mya)

Late Ordovician (458 – 443 Mya): Sandbian (458 – 453 Mya) Katian (453 – 445 Mya) Hirnantian (445 – 443 Mya)

Silurian
(443 – 419 Mya)

Llandovery (443 – 433 Mya): Rhuddanian (443 – 441 Mya) Aeronian (441 – 439 Mya) Telychian (439 – 434 Mya)

Wenlock (434 – 427 Mya): Sheinwoodian (434 – 431 Mya) Homerian (431 – 427 Mya)

Ludlow (427 – 423 Mya): Gorstian (427 – 426 Mya) Ludfordian (426 – 423 Mya)

Pridoli (423 – 419 Mya)

Devonian
(419 – 359 Mya)

Early Devonian (419 – 393 Mya): Lochkovian (419 – 411 Mya) Pragian (411 – 408 Mya) Emsian (408 – 393 Mya)

Middle Devonian (393.3 – 382.7 Mya): Eifelian (393 – 388 Mya) Givetian (388 – 383 Mya)

Late Devonian (382.7 – 358.9 Mya): Frasnian (383 – 372 Mya) Famennian (372 – 360 Mya)

Carboniferous
(360 – 300 Mya)

Mississippian (360 – 323 Mya): Tournaisian (360 – 347 Mya) Viséan (347 – 331 Mya) Serpukhovian (331 – 323 Mya)

Pennsylvanian (323 – 300 Mya): Bashkirian (323 – 315 Mya) Moscovian (315 – 307 Mya) Kasimovian (307 – 304 Mya) Gzhelian (304 – 300 Mya)

Permian
(300 – 250 Mya)

Cisuralian (300 – 272 Mya): Asselian (300 – 295 Mya) Sakmarian (295 – 290 Mya) Artinskian (290 – 284 Mya) Kungurian (284 – 272 Mya)

Guadalupian (272 – 260 Mya): Roadian (272 – 269 Mya) Wordian (269 – 265 Mya) Capitanian (265 – 260 Mya)

Lopingian (260 – 250 Mya): Wuchiapingian (260 – 254 Mya) Changhsingian (254 – 250 Mya)

Kasimovian and Gzhelian comprise Late Pennsylvanian (307.0 – 298.9 Mya) subepoch.

Mesozoic (250 – 65 Mya)

Triassic
(250 – 200 Mya)

Early Triassic (250.17 – 247 Mya): Induan (250 – 248 Mya) Olenekian (248 – 247 Mya)

Middle Triassic (247 – 235 Mya): Anisian (247 – 242 Mya) Ladinian (242 – 235 Mya)

Late Triassic (235 – 200 Mya): Carnian (235 – 228 Mya) Norian (228 – 209 Mya) Rhaetian (209 – 200 Mya)

Jurassic
(200 – 144 Mya)

Early Jurassic (200 – 174 Mya): Hettangian (200 – 199 Mya) Sinemurian (199 – 191 Mya) Pliensbachian (191 – 183 Mya) Toarcian (183 – 174 Mya)

Middle Jurassic (174 – 164 Mya): Aalenian (174 – 170 Mya) Bajocian (170 – 168 Mya) Bathonian (168 – 166 Mya) Callovian (166 – 164 Mya)

Late Jurassic (164 – 145 Mya): Oxfordian (164 – 157 Mya) Kimmeridgian (157 – 152 Mya) Tithonian (152 – 145 Mya)

Cretaceous
(145 – 65 Mya)

Early Cretaceous (144 – 100 Mya): Berriasian (144 – 140 Mya) Valanginian (140 – 133 Mya) Hauterivian (133 – 129 Mya) Barremian (129 – 125 Mya) Aptian (125 – 113 Mya) Albian (113 – 100 Mya)

Late Cretaceous (100 – 65 Mya): Cenomanian (100 – 94 Mya) Turonian (94 – 90 Mya) Coniacian (90 – 86 Mya) Santonian (86 – 84 Mya) Campanian (84 – 72 Mya) Maastrichtian (72 – 65 Mya)

Cenozoic (65 Mya – Today)

Paleogene
(65 – 23 Mya)

Paleocene (65 – 56 Mya): Danian (65 – 62 Mya) Selandian (62 – 59 Mya) Thanetian (59 – 56 Mya)

Eocene (56 – 34 Mya): Ypresian (56 – 48 Mya) Lutetian (48 – 41 Mya) Bartonian (41 – 38 Mya) Priabonian (38 – 34 Mya)

Oligocene (34 – 23 Mya): Rupelian (34 – 28 Mya) Chattian (28 – 23 Mya)

Neogene
(23 – 1 Mya)

Miocene (23 – 5 Mya): Aquitanian (23 – 20 Mya) Burdigalian (20 – 16 Mya) Langhian (16 – 14 Mya) Serravallian (14 – 12 Mya) Tortonian (12 – 7 Mya) Messinian (7 – 5 Mya)

Pliocene (5 – 1 Mya): Piacenzian (5 – 4 Mya) Zanclean (4 – 1 Mya)

Quaternary
(1 Mya – Today)

Pleistocene (1 Mya – 12 kya): Gelasian (1 Mya – 870 kya) Calabrian (870 – 780 kya) Middle Pleistocene (Ionian) (780 – 126 kya) Late Pleistocene (Tarantian) (126 – 12 kya): Oldest Dryas (18 – 16 kya)* Bølling (16 – 15 kya)* Older Dryas (15 – 14 kya)* Allerød (14 – 13 kya)* Younger Dryas (13 – 12 kya)*

Holocene (12 kya – Today): Preboreal (12 – 9 kya)* Boreal (9 – 8 kya)* Atlantic (8 – 5 kya)* Subboreal (5 – 2.5 kya)* Subatlantic (2.5 kya – Today)*

Paleogene, Neogene and early Pleistocene comprise former Tertiary* (65 – 1 Mya) period. Gelasian and Calabrian comprise Early Pleistocene (1 Mya – 780 kya) subepoch.

kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. * Not officially recognized by the I.C.S.

Source: International Chronostratigraphic Chart (January 2013). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 27 March 2013. Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013.

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