Ninhydrin

Ninhydrin
IUPAC name 2,2-Dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione
Other names 1,2,3-Indantrione hydrate
Identifiers
CAS number	485-47-2 Y
PubChem	10236
ChemSpider	9819 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1221925 Y
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES O=C2c1ccccc1C(=O)C2(O)O
InChI InChI=1S/C9H6O4/c10-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(11)9(7,12)13/h1-4,12-13H Y Key: FEMOMIGRRWSMCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C9H6O4/c10-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(11)9(7,12)13/h1-4,12-13H Key: FEMOMIGRRWSMCU-UHFFFAOYAM
Properties
Molecular formula	C9H6O4
Molar mass	178.14 g mol−1
Appearance	White solid
Density	0.862 g/cm3
Melting point	250 °C (decomp.)
Solubility in water	20 g L−1[1]
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
R-phrases	R22, R36, R37, R38
S-phrases	S26, S28, S36
Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Ninhydrin (2,2-Dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is a chemical used to detect ammonia or primary and secondary amines. When reacting with these free amines, a deep blue or purple color known as Ruhemann's purple is produced. Ninhydrin is most commonly used to detect fingerprints, as the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides and proteins sloughed off in fingerprints react with ninhydrin.^[2] It is a white solid which is soluble in ethanol and acetone at room temperature.^[3] Ninhydrin can be considered as the hydrate of indane-1,2,3-trione.

Uses

Ninhydrin can also be used to monitor deprotection in solid phase peptide synthesis (Kaiser Test).^[4] The chain is linked via its C-terminus to the solid support, with the N-terminus extending off it. When that nitrogen is deprotected, a ninhydrin test yields blue. Amino-acid residues are attached with their N-terminus protected, so if the next residue has been successfully coupled onto the chain, the test gives a colorless or yellow result.

Ninhydrin is also used in amino acid analysis of proteins. Most of the amino acids, except proline, are hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin. Also, certain amino acid chains are degraded. Therefore, separate analysis is required for identifying such amino acids that either react differently or do not react at all with ninhydrin. The rest of the amino acids are then quantified colorimetrically after separation by chromatography.

A solution suspected of containing the ammonium ion can be tested by ninhydrin by dotting it onto a solid support (such as silica gel); treatment with ninhydrin should result in a dramatic purple color if the solution contains this species. In the analysis of a chemical reaction by thin layer chromatography (TLC), the reagent can also be used (usually 0.2 % solution in either n-butanol or in ethanol). It will detect, on the TLC plate, virtually all amines, carbamates and also, after vigorous heating, amides.

When ninhydrin reacts with amino acids, the reaction also releases CO₂. The carbon in this CO₂ originates from the carboxyl carbon of the amino acid. This reaction has been used to release the carboxyl carbons of bone collagen from ancient bones^[5] for stable isotope analysis in order to help reconstruct the palaeodiet of cave bears.^[6] Release of the carboxyl carbon (via ninhydrin) from amino acids recovered from soil that has been treated with a labeled substrate demonstrates assimilation of that substrate into microbial protein.^[7] This approach was successfully used to reveal that some ammonium oxidizing bacteria, also called nitrifying bacteria use urea as a carbon source in soil.^[8]

A stain obtained after a thumbprint is treated with ninhydrin.

A ninhydrin solution is commonly used by forensic investigators in the analysis of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces such as paper. Amino acid containing fingermarks, formed by minute sweat secretions which gather on the finger's unique ridges, are treated with the ninhydrin solution which turns the amino acid finger ridge patterns purple and therefore visible.^[9]

Reactivity

Indane-1,2,3-trione
IUPAC name Indane-1,2,3-trione
Other names Indanetrione
Identifiers
CAS number	938-24-9
PubChem	70309
	Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES O=C2c1ccccc1C(=O)C2=O
Properties
Molecular formula	C9H4O3
Molar mass	160.13 g mol−1
Appearance	white powder
Density	1.482 g/cm3
Boiling point	338.4 °C; 641.1 °F; 611.5 K
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
Infobox references

The carbon atom of a carbonyl bears a partial positive charge enhanced by neighboring electron withdrawing groups like carbonyl itself. So the central carbon of a 1,2,3-tricarbonyl compound is much more electrophilic than one in a simple ketone. Thus indane-1,2,3-trione reacts readily with nucleophiles, including water. Whereas for most carbonyl compounds, a carbonyl form is more stable than a product of water addition (hydrate), ninhydrin forms a stable hydrate of the central carbon because of the destabilizing effect of the adjacent carbonyl groups.

Note that to generate the ninhydrin chromophore, the amine is condensed with a molecule of ninhydrin to give a Schiff base. Thus only ammonia and primary amines can proceed past this step. At this step, there must also be an alpha proton (H* in the diagram) for Schiff base transfer, so an amine adjacent to a tertiary carbon cannot be detected by the ninhydrin test. The reaction of ninhydrin with secondary amines gives an iminium salt, which is also coloured, and this is generally yellow–orange in color.

See also

• Paper chromatography

References