Nikola Karev

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Nikola Karev
Никола Карев
Personal details
Born November 23, 1877
Kruševo, Ottoman Empire (now Republic of Macedonia)
Died April 27, 1905(1905-04-27) (aged 28)
Village Rajčani (Kočani), Ottoman Empire (now Republic of Macedonia)
Occupation Revolutionary
Profession Teacher
Religion Bulgarian Exarchate

Nikola Janakiev Karev (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Никола Карев) was a revolutionary in Ottoman-ruled Macedonia. He was born 23 November 1877 in Kruševo and died 27 April 1905 in the village of Rajčani, both today in the Republic of Macedonia. Karev was a local leader of what later became known as the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). He was also a socialist and a member of the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party. He is considered a Bulgarian in Bulgaria and a Macedonian in the Republic of Macedonia.[1]

His two brothers, Petar and Georgi also participated in IMARO.[2] During the First and the Second world wars, when Vardar Macedonia was anexed by Bulgaria, they supported Bulgarian authorities.[3] As result, after 1944 they were imprisoned in SFR Yugoslavia in concentration camps, where both were killed in 1950 and 1951 respectively.[4]

Biography

Karev completed his early education in Kruševo and in 1893 moved to Sofia in independent Bulgaria, where he became a member of the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party. Later he went back to Ottoman Macedonia and graduated from the Bulgarian Exarchate's gymnasium in Bitola. After that he worked as Bulgarian teacher in the region of Kruševo.[5] In this period he joined IMRO and became a leader of a regional armed band (cheta). During the Ilinden Uprising of August 1903, when Kruševo was captured by the rebels, Nikola Karev authored the Kruševo Manifesto, which outlined the aims of the Uprising, and became the head of its provisional government. The republic lasted only ten days, from 3 August to 13 August, when after intense fighting it was destroyed by Ottoman government forces. After the uprising Karev went back to Bulgaria and became political active in the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party. In 1905 he was killed during an attempt to enter Ottoman Macedonia with a group of IMRO fighters.

Excerpt from the photograph of the 1900-1901 graduates, among whom was Nikola Karev, from the Bulgarian Gymnasium in Bitola.
The monument of Nikola Karev in Kočani
A panel from the Ilinden memorial in Kruševo, showing the monument of Nikola Karev at "Gumenya" in Kruševo, uncovered on August 2, 1953, and two photographs: Nikola Karev with Kruševo teachers and students photographed in 1900 in the Kruševo grove and Nikola Karev with the 1900-1901 graduates from the Bulgarian Gymnasium in Bitola.

References

  1. ↑ An excerpt from an article from a Macedonian newspaper "Utrinski vesnik", published on 22. 07. 2000, Archive number 329. © Утрински Весник, сите права задржани, Сабота, 22.07.2000 Архивски Број 329.
    • Интервјуто на Никола Карев за грчкиот весник Акрополис, објавено на 8 мај 1903 година, е првото, досега познато интервју на член на најтесното раководство на ВМРО пред Илинденското востание. Овој исклучителен, слободно ќе може да се нарече, историски документ го откри и го преведе на македонски јазик г-ѓа Елефтерија Вамбаковска, вработена во Институт за национална историја. При вчерашната средба со г-ѓа Вамбаковска во редакцијата на "Утрински весник" најнапред не интересираше начинот на кој таа дошла до интервјуто.
    • - Утрински: Како ја коментирате содржината на интервјуто. Што значи терминот бугарофрон?
    • - Елефтерија Вамбаковска: Што се однесува до содржината на интервјуто оставам да суди науката и читателите. Мое мислење е дека тоа содржи контрадикторности и нелогичности. Интервјуто всушност и започнува со една нелогичност. Карев изјавува дека е Бугарин по убедување, а на првото прашање на новинарот: "Дали е Македонец", одговара со "да"! Самиот новинар го прогласува Карев за Македонец, но бугаризиран, а го започнува интервјуто со прашањето што е (по националност)? Се гледа дека за него поважно било етничкото потекло - дали бил Македонец, што за Грците било синоним за Грк. Инаку, тоа "по убедување" за нив не било важно - убедувањето се стекнувало и било менливо. Бугарофрон, во буквален превод би значело - човек што мисли на бугарски начин, којшто мисли како што мислат сите Бугари. Денес Грците имаат сличен термин - етникрофрон кој има слично значење, имено - човек што мисли на својата нација, односно Грк кој мисли на Грција. Денес Македонците во Егејска Македонија своите сонародници кои се погрчиле ги нарекуваат - етникофрони...
  2. ↑ Македонска енциклопедија, МАНУ, Скопје, 2009, стр. 677
  3. ↑ Илюстрация Илинден, ноември 1941, година 13, книга 9 (129), стр. 13.
  4. ↑ Ристески, Стојан. Судени за Македонија (1945 - 1985), Полар, Охрид, 1995, стр.311-324.
  5. ↑ Николов, Борис Й. Вътрешна Македоно-одринска революционна организация. Войводи и ръководители (1893-1934). Биографично-библиографски справочник, София 2001, с. 74

Notes

  1. ^ One of the first names of the organisation was "Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees" (BMARC оr БМОРК), which was later changed to Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (SMARO, ТМОРО). There is a dispute between Bulgarian historians (Pandev, 1969, 1970) and Yugoslav (later Macedonian) historians (Bitoski, 1997) regarding when the renaming took place: 1896/97 or 1902. Most Western scholars seem to have accepted Pаndev's view (Poulton, 2000; Adanir, 1979; Perry, 1988) although prior to the publication of his article Bulgarian historiography seemed to agree that the name SMARO dates back to 1896/7 (e.g., Silyanov, 1933, vol. 1, p. 46). Hugh Poulton writes that "The organisation repeatedly and confusingly changed its name, often as a reflection of the balance between pro-Bulgarian and pro-Macedonian autonomists. It appears to have originally been called the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Committee (BMORK—the 'O' standing for Odrin or Adrianopole). In 1902 it changed its name to the Secret Macedonian Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organisation (TMORO) while from 1905 it was first known as VMORO and then simply VMRO, where the 'V' stands for 'inner' in Bulgarian."
  2. ^ Interview with Elefterija Vambakovska, Macedonian Institute for National History, article "Одважноста на претседателот на Крушевската Република", and interview with Nikola Karev from May 8, 1903, article "Разговорот на грчкиот новинар со Никола Карев", Macedonian newspaper "Utrinski vesnik", published on 22. 07. 2000, archive number 329. (Macedonian)
  3. ^ Keith Brown,The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2003.
  4. ^ An interview with Nikola Karev for the Greek newspaper "Akropolis", 8 May 1903

Sources

  • Пандев, К. "Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Исторически преглед, 1969, кн. I, стр. 68—80. (Bulgarian)
  • Пандев, К. "Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Извeстия на Института за история, т. 21, 1970, стр. 250-257. (Bulgarian)
  • Битоски, Крсте, сп. "Македонско Време", Скопје - март 1997, quoting: Quoting: Public Record Office - Foreign Office 78/4951 Turkey (Bulgaria), From Elliot, 1898, Устав на ТМОРО. S. 1. published in Документи за борбата на македонскиот народ за самостојност и за национална држава, Скопје, Универзитет "Кирил и Методиј": Факултет за филозофско-историски науки, 1981, pp 331 – 333. (Macedonian)
  • Hugh Pouton Who Are the Macedonians?, C. Hurst & Co, 2000. p. 53. ISBN 1-85065-534-0
  • Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entestehung und etwicklung bis 1908., Wiessbaden 1979, p. 112.
  • Duncan Perry The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1903 , Durham, Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 40–41, 210 n. 10.
  • Keith Brown,The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2003.

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