Neptis

The genus Neptis established by Hübner in 1819 is invalid; see Vila (butterfly).

Typical sailers
Neptis saclava
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Subfamily:	Limenitidinae
Tribe:	Neptini
Genus:	Neptis Fabricius, 1807
Species
158 species[1]
Synonyms
Philonoma Billberg, 1820 Paraneptis Moore, 1898 Kalkasia Moore, 1898 Hamadryodes Moore, 1898 Bimbisara Moore, 1898 Bimbisara Moore, [1899] Stabrobates Moore, 1898 Stabrobates Moore, [1899] Rasalia Moore, 1898 Rasalia Moore, [1899] Neptidomima Holland, 1920

Neptis is a large genus of butterflies of Old World tropics subtropics.^[2] They are commonly called sailer butterflies or sailers, or more precisely typical sailers to distinguish them from the related blue sailer (Pseudoneptis).

Description

See glossary for terms used

The head is rather broad and moderately hairy on the forehead.The eyes are large and prominent. The palpi are short, acute, slender, hairy, and do not not rise above the level of the forehead. The antennae are moderately long,terminating in an elongate, gradually-formed club, flattened on its upper surface.The thorax is not robust and it is as broad as the head and slightly hairy posteriorly.The wing characters are: fore-wings elongate, rather truncate; costa only slightly arched; apex not acute, but well marked ; hind-margin slightly convex and sinuated ; anal angle distinct ; inner-margin convex near base, slightly concave about middle. Hind-wings large, rounded ; costa strongly arched ; hind-margin moderately dentate ; innermargins only slightly convex, not covering posterior portion of the abdomen. Upperside patterning consists of white spots and bars (some species have orange or yellow bars) on a black ground colour.Underside patterns are yellowish to reddish-brown, alternating with white bands The legs are rather short and stout. The abdomen is slender, much compressed and rather elongate.

The head of the larva is very large and bifid on its summit. There is a pair of downy, elongate, tubercular processes, projecting laterally, on both the second and third segments—those on the third segment are much longer. There is an upright pyramidal process on the penultimate (?) segment and the body is attenuated posteriorly.

The pupa is strongly curved (thick in central portion). The head is deeply bifid.

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  Neptis nashona showing undersides (verso).In Neptis both sexes have similar wing markings but females are larger

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  African Neptis .Distinguishing the species involves study of the configuration of the white spots, bars and submarginal lines on both wing surfaces.

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  African Neptis Plate accompanying a classic study by Eltringham

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  larva and pupa figures 10, 10a

Distribution

About 65 species occur in the Afrotropical region, over 40 in the Palaearctic region 6 in the Australasian region and about 50 occur in the Oriental region.

Forest in Equatorial Guinea

Habitat

Neptis are forest, including rainforest and secondary forest, butterflies.They are also found in lightly wooded areas and gardens.

Biology

Larval foodplants include Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Polygonaceae, Sapindaceae, Urticaceae, Connaraceae,.... Adults have a "sailing" flight flapping their wings and then gliding.They frequently perch and visit flowers for nectar and damp patches where they imbibe salts and other nutrients.Adult uppersides exhibit disruptive coloration, the undersides exhibit cryptic colouration.Neptis hylas makes sounds.

Taxonomy

Neptis are allied to Pantoporia, in which the white wing markings are replaced by orange and to Athyma resemble Neptis but have more triangular forewings.The type species of the genus is Papilio aceris Esper.

Species

Neptis pryeri

Species include:

References

• Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 48

External links

• Images represening Neptis at EOL
• Neptis full species list