Neo-fascism

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This article is about fascism after World War II. For Nazi movements after World War II, see Neo-Nazism.
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Neo-fascism is a post–World War II ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. The term neo-fascist may apply to groups that express a specific admiration for Benito Mussolini or Adolf Hitler, may also be called Neo-Nazis, and Italian Fascism or any other fascist leader/state. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, populism, anti-immigration policies or, where relevant, nativism, anti-communism, and opposition to the parliamentary system and liberal democracy. Allegations that a group is neo-fascist may be hotly contested, especially if the term is used as a political epithet. Some post–World War II regimes have been described as neo-fascist due to their authoritarian nature, and sometimes due to their fascination and sympathy towards fascist ideology and rituals.

Post-fascism is a label that has been applied to several European political parties that espouse a modified form of fascism and which partake in constitutional politics.[1][2]

Argentina

Juan Perón's rule of Argentina involved elements of fascism

Argentina (1946–1955 and 1973–1974) - Juan Perón admired Mussolini[3] and established his own regime (which some consider to be neo-fascist) inspired by elements of corporatism, although it has been more often considered populism (See: Fascism and populism). After he died, his wife and vice-president Isabel Perón was deposed by a military junta, after a short interregnum characterized by support for the neo-fascist Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (la Triple A) terrorist group[citation needed]. Videla's junta, which participated in Operation Condor, supported various neo-fascist and right-wing terrorist movements; the SIDE supported Luis García Meza Tejada's Cocaine Coup in Bolivia and trained the Contras in Nicaragua.[citation needed]

Bolivia

The Bolivian Socialist Falange party founded in 1937 played a crucial role in mid-century Bolivian politics. Luis García Meza Tejada's regime took power during the 1980 Cocaine Coup in Bolivia with the help of Italian neo-fascist Stefano Delle Chiaie, Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie and the Buenos Aires junta. That regime has been accused of neo-fascist tendencies and of admiration for Nazi paraphernalia and rituals. Hugo Banzer Suárez, who preceded Tejada, also displayed admiration towards Nazism and fascism. Since the popular election of Evo Morales, Bolivia has seen a resurgence of far right politics in opposition to his Movement Towards Socialism government, policies, and reforms. Resurgent neo-fascist groups include the Bolivian Socialist Falange, Santa Cruz Youth Union, and Nacion Camba.

Greece

Flag of the Golden Dawn, a Greek neo-fascist party

Fascism in Greece has been present in politics since the Greek National Socialist Party of 1932. After World War II, Britain and America supported the Pro-Nazi Fascists in a struggle against the Greek communist KKE movement.[4] In April 1967, a few weeks prior to an election, a military coup d'état took place in Greece and a fascist military government ruled the country from 1967 to 1974. It was called the “Regime of the Colonels”, and was headed by Colonel George Papadopoulos, who had collaborated with the Germans in World War II. The official reason given for the coup was that a "communist conspiracy" had infiltrated all levels of society.[5] The contemporary Greek Golden Dawn political party has been described as subscribing to neo-fascist and neo-Nazi beliefs and practices.[6]

Guatemala

Guatemala (1953-1980s) - Mario Sandoval Alarcón, a self-identified fascist, headed the National Liberation Movement after a coup d'état, supported by the US, overthrew the democratic government of Col. Jacobo Arbenz.[citation needed]

Indonesia

Adolf Hitler's propaganda for the hegemony of "Greater Germany" inspired similar ideas of "Indonesia Mulia" (esteemed Indonesia) and "Indonesia Raya" (great Indonesia) in the former Dutch colony. The first fascist party was the Partai Fasis Indonesia (PFI). Sukarno did admire Hitler's Third Reich and its vision of happiness for all: "It's in the Third Reich that the Germans will see Germany at the apex above other nations in this world," he said in 1963.[7] He stated that Hitler was ‘extraordinarily clever’ in ‘depicting his ideals’ He spoke about Hitler’s rhetorical skills, but denied any association with Nazism as an ideology, saying that Indonesian nationalism was not as narrow as Nazi nationalism[8]

Such neo-fascist characteristics can be seen to be rapidly on the rise in Indonesia again.[9] In October 2013 Indonesia’s last synagogue was razed[10] and a lot of controverse about a Nazi-themed restaurant, named "Soldatenkaffe":German for Soldiers pub, complete with waiters dressed as SS officers.[11][12] The owner of Soldatenkaffe told the Jakarta Globe: “The way I see it, the Nazis didn’t commit slaughter.”[13]

Iran

SUMKA is an Iranian neo-Nazi group, otherwise known as Hezb-e Sosialist-e Melli-ye Kargaran-e Iran or the Iran National-Socialist Workers group, formed in the 1950s. A group claiming to be direct heirs of the original still exists[citation needed], although it remains to be seen how far this revival extended beyond the internet. They now present their two main enemies as being Jews and Arabs, in keeping with the anti-Islamic and Aryan identity politics of the original party. This group is not connected to the equally minor Iranian National Socialist Party or the Aryan League. This party is against any form of Communism.[citation needed]

Italy

Italy was broadly divided into two political blocs following World War II, the Christian Democracy, which remained in power until the 1980s, and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), very strong immediately after the war.

With the beginning of Cold War it was feared by British government that the requested extradition of Italian war criminals to Yugoslavia would benefit PCI. Preventing anything like the Nuremberg trial for Italian war crimes, the collective memory of the crimes committed by Italians was expelled from public media, from textbooks in Italian schools, and also from the academic discourse on Western side of the Iron curtain throughout the Cold War.[14][15] PCI was expulsed from power in May 1947, a month before the Paris Conference on the Marshall Plan, along with the French Communist Party (PCF).

Despite attempts in the 1970s towards a "historic compromise" between the PCI and the DC, the PCI didn't take part in the executive power until the 1980s. In December 1970, Junio Valerio Borghese attempted, along with Stefano Delle Chiaie, the Borghese Coup which was supposed to install a neo-fascist regime. Neo-fascist groups took part in various false flag terrorist attacks, starting with the December 1969 Piazza Fontana massacre, for which Vincenzo Vinciguerra was convicted, and usually considered to have stopped with the 1980 Bologna railway bombing. A 2000 parliamentary report from the center-left Olive Tree coalition concluded that "the strategy of tension had been supported by the United States in order to impede the PCI, and, in a lesser measure, the PSI from reaching executive power".

Since the 1990s, Alleanza Nazionale, led by Gianfranco Fini, has distanced itself from Mussolini and fascism and made efforts to improve relations with Jewish groups, with most die-hards leaving it; it now seeks to present itself as a respectable right-wing party. Neo-fascist parties in Italy are Tricolour Flame ("Fiamma Tricolore"), New Force ("Forza Nuova") and the National Social Front ("fronte sociale nazionale").

Lebanon

Lebanon (1982–1988) - The far-right wing Christian Phalangist Party "Kataeb" and Lebanese Forces, backed by its own private army and inspired by the Spanish Falangists, was nominally in power in the country during the 1980s but had limited authority over the highly factionalised state, two-thirds of which was controlled by Israeli and Syrian troops.

Mongolia

With Mongolia located between the larger nations Russia and China, ethnic insecurities have driven many Mongolians to neo-fascism,[16] expressing nationalism centered around Genghis Khan and Adolf Hitler. Groups advocating these ideologies include Blue Mongolia, Dayar Mongol, and Mongolian National Union.[17]

Taiwan

The National Socialism Association (NSA) is a neo-fascist political organization founded in Taiwan in September 2006 by Hsu Na-chi (許娜琦), a 22-year-old female political science graduate of Soochow University. The NSA views Adolf Hitler as its leader and often uses the slogan "Long live Hitler". This has brought them condemnation from the Simon Wiesenthal Center, an international Jewish human rights center.[18]

United Kingdom

Nick Griffin is an MEP for the British National Party

The British National Party are a nationalist party in the United Kingdom who have the ideology of fascism[19][20][21][22] and anti-immigration. Party leader Nick Griffin said in 1998 that he believes the Holocaust "...'extermination' tale is a mixture of Allied wartime propaganda...",[23] although has since retracted this statement.[24]

United States

See also Neo-Nazism in the United States

Groups identified as neo-fascist in the United States generally include neo-Nazi organizations such as the National Alliance and the American Nazi Party. The Institute for Historical Review publishes negationist historical papers often of an anti-semitic nature.

International networks

In 1951, the New European Order (NEO) neo-fascist Europe-wide alliance was set up to promote Pan-European nationalism. It was a more radical splinter group of the European Social Movement. The NEO had its origins in the 1951 Malmö conference when a group of rebels led by René Binet and Maurice Bardèche refused to join the European Social Movement as they felt that it did not go far enough in terms of racialism and anti-communism. As a result Binet joined with Gaston-Armand Amaudruz in a second meeting that same year in Zurich to set up a second group pledged to wage war on communists and non-white people.[25]

Several Cold War regimes and international neo-fascist movements collaborated in operations such as assassinations and false flag bombings. Stefano Delle Chiaie, involved in Italy's strategy of tension, took part in Operation Condor; organizing the 1976 assassination attempt of Chilean Christian Democrat Bernardo Leighton.[26] Vincenzo Vinciguerra escaped to Franquist Spain with the help of the SISMI, following the 1972 Peteano attack, for which he was sentenced to life.[27][28] Along with Delle Chiaie, Vinciguerra testified in Rome in December 1995 before judge Maria Servini de Cubria, stating that Enrique Arancibia Clavel (a former Chilean secret police agent prosecuted for crimes against humanity in 2004) and US expatriate DINA agent Michael Townley were directly involved in General Carlos Prats' assassination. Michael Townley was sentenced in Italy to 15 years of prison for having served as intermediary between the DINA and the Italian neo-fascists.[29]

The regimes of Franquist Spain, Augusto Pinochet's Chile and Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay participated together in Operation Condor, which targeted political opponents worldwide. During the Cold War, these international operations gave rise to some cooperation between various neo-fascist elements engaged in a "Crusade against Communism".[30] Anti-Fidel Castro terrorist Luis Posada Carriles was condemned for the Cubana Flight 455 bombing on October 6, 1976. According to the Miami Herald, this bombing was decided on at the same meeting during which it was decided to target Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier, who was assassinated on September 21, 1976. Carriles wrote in his autobiography: "... we the Cubans didn't oppose ourselves to an isolated tyranny, nor to a particular system of our fatherland, but that we had in front of us a colossal enemy, whose main head was in Moscow, with its tentacles dangerously extended on all the planet."[31]


See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/post-fascist
  2. ↑ Griffin, R. (2007) The ‘post‐Fascism’ of the Alleanza Nazionale: A case study in ideological morphology, Journal of Political Ideologies, 1/2: 123-145
  3. ↑ Foss, Clive (1999). Juan and Eva Peron. Sutton Publishing Limited. 
  4. ↑ 'Fascism in Greece' by Emile Schepers. Written: September 27, 2012 Access date: 2012.10.25
  5. ↑ Athens info guide. The history of Fascism
  6. ↑ Smith, Helena (16 December 2011), "Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil", The Guardian (London) 
  7. ↑ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/07/20/fascism-indonesia-no-big-deal.html
  8. ↑ http://sydney.edu.au/arts/indonesian/docs/thesis_mirela_suciu.pdf
  9. ↑ http://libcom.org/library/indonesia-heading-towards-fascism
  10. ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.550619
  11. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2370375/Nazi-themed-caf-complete-waiters-dressed-SS-officers-Indonesia-sparks-outrage.html
  12. ↑ http://nypost.com/2013/07/22/germany-upset-with-nazi-themed-indonesian-cafe-with-hitler-pics-swastikas-and-waiters-in-ss-uniforms/
  13. ↑ http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/features/bandung-cafes-nazi-kitsch-theme-sparks-some-uncomfortable-questions/
  14. ↑ Alessandra Kersevan2008: (Editor) Foibe - Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.
  15. ↑ Effie G. H. Pedaliu (2004) Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945-48. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503-529 (JStor.org preview)
  16. ↑ Time
  17. ↑ Mongol News
  18. ↑ "Taiwan political activists admiring Hitler draw Jewish protests - Haaretz - Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2008-10-22. 
  19. ↑ Renton, David (1 March 2005). "'A day to make history'? The 2004 elections and the British National Party". Patterns of Prejudice 1 (39). Retrieved 15 th January 2009. 
  20. ↑ Thurlow, Richard C. (2000). Fascism in Modern Britain. Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-1747-4. 
  21. ↑ Copsey, Nigel (September 2009). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-57437-8. 
  22. ↑ Wood, C; Finlay, W. M. L. (December 2008). "British National Party representations of Muslims in the month after the London bombings: Homogeneity, threat, and the conspiracy tradition". British Journal of Social Psychology 47 (4): 707–26. doi:10.1348/014466607X264103. PMID 18070375. 
  23. ↑ BNP: Under the skin, news.bbc.co.uk, retrieved 2009-06-17 
  24. ↑ Question Time, 22nd October, 2009 edition.
  25. ↑ Kurt P. Tauber, German Nationalists and European Union, p. 573
  26. ↑ Documents concerning attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton, on the National Security Archives website.
  27. ↑ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/Terrorism_Western_Europe.pdf
  28. ↑ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/news/media_desk.htm#Gladio
  29. ↑ "mun6". Jornada.unam.mx. Retrieved 2008-10-22. 
  30. ↑ "During this period we have systematically established close contacts with like-minded groups emerging in Italy, Belgium, Germany, Spain or Portugal, for the purpose of forming the kernel of a truly Western League of Struggle against Marxism." Yves Guérin-Sérac, quoted by Stuart Christie, in Stefano Delle Chiaie: Portrait of a Black Terrorist, London: Anarchy Magazine/Refract Publications, 1984. ISBN 0-946222-09-6, p.27)
  31. ↑ Preface to Los Caminos del Guerrero, 1994.

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