National dish
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A national dish is a dish that is strongly associated with a particular country.[3] A dish can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons:
- A staple selection of locally available foodstuffs that can be prepared in a distinctive way, such as Fruits de mer, which is served along the west coast of France.[3]
- A particular 'exotic' ingredient that is produced locally, such as the South American paprika grown in the European Pyrenees.[3]
- A festive culinary tradition that forms part of a cultural heritage such as barbecues at summer camp or fondue at dinner parties and sometimes as a religious practice such as Korban Pesach or Iftar celebrations which marks the end of fasting for the day.[3]
Food and cultural identity
National dishes are part of a nation's identity and self-image.[4] During the age of European empire-building, nations would develop a national cuisine to distinguish themselves from their rivals.[5]
Zilka Janer that it is impossible to choose a single national dish, even unofficially, for countries such as Mexico, because of their diverse ethnic populations and cultures. The cuisine of such countries simply cannot be represented by any single, national dish. Furthermore, because national dishes are so interwoven in a nation's sense of identity, strong emotions and conflicts can arise when trying to choose a country's national dish.
Platos nacionales
In Latin America, dishes may be claimed or designated as a "plato nacional" although in many cases recipes transcend national borders with only minor variations.
Both Peru and Ecuador claim ceviche as their national dish. Colombian ajiaco and the sancocho of the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Panama, all of which are stews of meats, plaintains, and root vegetables, are the plato nacional of them all. Zilka Janer, lecturer on Latin American culture at Hofstra University, observes that this sharing of the same plato nacional by different countries calls into question the idea that every country has a unique national dish that is special to that country, and indicates that cuisine is something that does not respect national and geopolitical borders.[4]
The identification of Latin American national dishes is stronger, Janer notes, amongst expatriate communities in North America. In Latin American countries, the plato nacional is usually part of the cuisine of rural and peasant communities, and not part of the everyday cuisine of city dwellers at all. But in expatriate communities, they are strongly reclaimed in order to retain the communities' senses of national identity, and ties to one's homeland, and proudly served in homes and restaurants. This is a reaction on the parts of those communities that is attempting to resist social pressures that push to homogenize such ethnically and culturally diverse communities into single all-encompassing group identities such as Latinos or Hispanic Americans.[4]
National dishes and foods by country
This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes.
- Afghanistan: Kabuli Palaw[6]
- Algeria: Couscous[7]
- Angola: Muamba de galinha[8]
- Argentina: Asado,[9] Empanada[10]
- Armenia: Harissa
- Aruba: Keshi yena
- Australia: Meat pie,[11] Roast lamb[12]
- Austria: Tafelspitz, Wiener Schnitzel
- Azerbaijan: Dolma
- Bahamas: Crack conch with peas and rice[13]
- Bahrain: Machboos[14]
- Bangladesh: Pitha, Rice and fish, especially Ilish[15]
- Barbados: Cou-Cou and Flying Fish[16]
- Belarus: Draniki
- Belgium: Moules-frites[17]
- Bermuda: Bermuda fish chowder
- Bhutan: Ema datshi
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian pot,[18] Ćevapi, Pljeskavica
- Brazil: Feijoada,[19] Churrasco
- British Virgin Islands: Fish and Fungi
- Brunei Darussalam: Ambuyat
- Bulgaria: Yogurt, Banitsa
- Burma: Mohinga
- Cambodia: Amok trey
- Cameroon: Ndolé
- Canada: Nanaimo bar,[20] Poutine,[21][22][23] Butter tarts,[24][25] Kraft Dinner,[26] Burgers/Hot dogs/French fries[26]
- Cape Verde: Cachupa[27]
- Chile: Asado, Empanada,[citation needed] Cazuela,[citation needed] Pastel de choclo[28]
- China: No official national dish.
- Colombia: Ajiaco, Bandeja paisa[32]
- Costa Rica: Gallo pinto
- Cuba: Platillo Moros y Cristianos, Ropa vieja, Puerco asado, Yuca con mojo
- Czech Republic: Vepřo knedlo zelo (roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut), Svíčková
- Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poulet Moambé[33]
- Denmark: Frikadeller, Wienerbrød (Danish pastry), Smørrebrød
- Dominica: Mountain chicken, Fish broth
- Dominican Republic: La Bandera ("The Flag"): rice, red beans, and meat (beef, chicken, pork, or fish).
- Ecuador: Encebollado,[34] Fritada,[35] Guatitas,[36]
- Egypt: Ful medames,[37] kushari,[38] molokhia, falafel
- El Salvador: Pupusa
- Eritrea: Zigini with injera[39]
- Estonia: Verivorst with Mulgikapsad (sauerkraut stew)
- Ethiopia: Wat with injera[40]
- Finland: Mämmi, Sautéed reindeer
- France: Crêpe,[41] pot-au-feu[42][43]
- Gabon: Poulet Nyembwe[44]
- Georgia: Khachapuri, khinkali
- Germany: Currywurst,[45] Sauerbraten[46]
- Bavaria: Weisswurst and Brezn
- Greece: Fasolada,[47] Moussaka[48]
- Grenada: Oil Down[49]
- Guyana: Pepperpot
- Honduras: Baleada, Carne Asada, Sopa de Caracol (Conch Soup)
- Hungary: Gulyás[43]
- Iceland: Hákarl
- India: No officially anointed national dish.[50][51] See here for a survey of important dishes from various states.
- Indonesia: Gado-gado,[52] Nasi Goreng,[53] Sate,[2] Soto[54]
- Iran: Chelo kabab,[55] Ghormeh sabzi
- Iraq: Samak masgouf[56]
- Ireland: Colcannon,[57] Irish stew,[58] Breakfast roll, Full breakfast, Battered sausage, Fish and chips
- Israel: Hummus, falafel,[59][60][61] and Israeli salad,[62][63] limonana[64]
- Italy: Pasta,[65] Polenta,[66] Pizza
- Jamaica: Ackee and Saltfish[67]
- Japan: Japanese curry,[68] Ramen,[69] Sushi[70]
- Jordan: Mansaf[71][72][73]
- Kazakhstan: Beshbarmak
- Kenya: Ugali, Sukuma wiki, Nyama choma[74]
- Kuwait: Machboos
- Kyrgyzstan: Beshbarmak, laghman
- Laos: Larb with sticky rice[75][76]
- Lebanon: Kibbeh,[67] tabbouleh[77]
- Lithuania: Cepelinai
- Luxembourg: Judd mat Gaardebounen,[78]
- Macedonia: Tavče Gravče
- Madagascar: Romazava[79]
- Malaysia: Nasi lemak[80]
- Malta: Pastizzi, Rabbit Stew (Fenkata)
- Mexico: Mole poblano,[81] Tacos
- Mongolia: Buuz
- Montenegro: Kačamak, Raštan[82]
- Morocco: Couscous,[citation needed] Tagine,[citation needed] Pastilla
- Nicaragua: Gallo pinto
- Nepal: Dal bhat[83]
- Netherlands: Stamppot, hutspot
- New Zealand: Pavlova, Bacon and egg pie,[84] Hāngi, Meat pie, lamb[85]
- North Korea: Naengmyeon
- Norway: Fårikål[86]
- Pakistan: Biryani, Nihari[87]
- Paraguay: Sopa paraguaya
- Peru: Ceviche[88]
- Philippines: Adobo,[89] Lechon,[90] Sinigang
- Poland: Bigos, Pierogi,[91] Kotlet schabowy,[92] Żurek
- Portugal: Bacalhau, Cozido à Portuguesa[citation needed]
- Puerto Rico: Arroz con gandules with Lechon
- Republic of the Congo: Poulet Moambé[33]
- Romania: Mămăligă, Ciorbă de burtă, Sarmale, Mici
- Russia: Borscht, Coulibiac, Okroshka, Pelmeni, Pirozhki, Shchi, Ukha
- Constituent federal subjects of the Russian Federation
- Republic of Tatarstan: Öçpoçmaq
- Tula, Russia: Tula gingerbread
- Constituent federal subjects of the Russian Federation
- San Marino: Torta Tre Monti
- Saudi Arabia: Kabsa
- Senegal: Thieboudienne
- Serbia: Ćevapčići,[93] Proja, Kajmak
- Slovakia: Bryndzové halušky[94]
- Singapore: Chilli crab,[95] Hainanese Chicken Rice[96]
- South Africa: Bobotie[97]
- South Korea: Kimchi,[98] Bulgogi[67]
- Spain: Paella,[99] tortilla española[100]
- Sri Lanka: Rice and curry[101]
- Sudan: Ful medames
- Sweden: Köttbullar,[102] Kräftskiva,[102][103] Surströmming[104][105]
- Switzerland: Cervelat,[106] Fondue, Raclette, Rösti
- Syria: Kibbeh
- Tajikistan: O'sh (pilaf)
- Taiwan: Beef noodle soup, Stinky tofu
- Tanzania: Ugali[107]
- Thailand: Pad Thai, Som Tam,[108][109] Tom Yum Goong[110]
- Trinidad and Tobago: Kallaloo[111]
- Turkey: Kebab, Sarma, Baklava, Yogurt, Pilav
- Tunisia: Couscous
- Turkmenistan: Palaw
- Uganda: Matoke
- Ukraine: Borscht[citation needed], Halušky, Salo, Varenyky
- United Kingdom: Fish and chips,[112][113][114][115]
- United States: Hot dog, apple pie,[125] hamburger,[67][126] roast turkey. Regional dishes include Jambalaya (Louisiana Creole), New England clam bake (New England), Barbecue (South), Fish boil (Great Lakes). Many states also have at least one official state food.
- United States Virgin Islands: Fish and Fungi
- Uruguay: Asado, Chivito
- Uzbekistan: O'sh[127][128]
- Venezuela: Pabellón criollo[129]
- Vietnam: Phở,[130] Bún bò Huế, Nem rán, Bánh cuốn, Bánh xèo,Bánh bèo
- Yemen: Saltah
Drink
National liquors
A national liquor is an alcoholic drink considered a standard and respected adult beverage in a given country. While many such drinks status may be informal, there is usually a general consensus in a given country that a specific drink has national status or is the "most popular liquor" in a given nation.
References
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- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Top Ten National Dishes". National Geographic Magazine (Travel section). Retrieved 2013-03-06.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zilkia Janer (2008). Latino food culture. Food cultures in America. ABC-CLIO. pp. 71–73. ISBN 9780313340277.
- ↑ Howes, David; Lalonde, Marc (June 1991). "The history of sensibilities: Of the standard of taste in mid-eighteenth century England and the circulation of smells in post-revolutionary France". Dialectical Anthropology 16 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1007. ISSN 0304-4092.
- ↑ "Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots". Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "Food in Algeria: Algerian Food, Algerian Cuisine". Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ Hamilton,Cherie. Cuisines of Portuguese Encounters New York: Hippocrene Books, 2001. p. 219
- ↑ "El asado". Retrieved 2012-02-25.
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- ↑ News Limited http://www.news.com.au/national/roast-lamb-rules-as-australias-national-dish/story-e6frfkvr-1225825752497
- ↑ "National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean<". Caribbeanamericanfoods.com. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ↑ Bahrain's National Dish
- ↑ "A Bengali bounty". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ↑ Barbados National Dish: Coucou & Flying Fish. Epicurian Tourist. December 25, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
- ↑ Tom Masters (2009-10-01). Europe on a Shoestring. Lonely planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-855-1. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ↑ "Bosanksi Lonac – Bosnia & Herzegovina National Dish". Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ↑ "Feijoada recipe, Eat brazilian!". Copacabana Info. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ↑ O'Neil, Lauren (June 28, 2012). The CBC Community chooses Canada's most iconic food. CBC
- ↑ Trillin, Calvin (2009-11-23). "Canadian Journal, "Funny Food,"". The New Yorker: 68–70
- ↑ Wong, Grace (2010-10-02). Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite?. CNN
- ↑ Sufrin, Jon (2010-04-22). "Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against". Toronto Life
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- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Travel: 192-Part Guide to the World Part 41 Congo (Kinshasa)
- ↑ "El Encebollado | Montañita - Ecuador". Montanita.com. 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ Publicado por Belénchis. "Ruta De La Fritada: Historia De La Fritada". Rutadelafritada.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
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- ↑ "Kushari Recipe". Multicultural Cooking Network. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
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- ↑ "Oiling the Wheels of the Economy." Gabon. Winter 2007. p. 19. Retrieved 10 March 2009
- ↑ "The Currywurst has its own museum!". Currywurst Museum. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
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- ↑ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής, 1998
- ↑ "Moussaka: The National Dish of Greece". Greecelogue. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ↑ "Oil down: National Dish of Grenada". Gov.gd. 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ "Dough-Eyed One". Outlook Magazine. 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
- ↑ "Launga Elaichi Ka". Outlook Magazine. 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
- ↑ "National Dish of Indonesia Gado Gado". Retrieved 2010-07-05.
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- ↑ "Chelo Kebab Recipe, Middle Eastern food". About.com. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
- ↑ Beeston, Richard (June 27, 2007). "Imams put fatwa on carp caught in Tigris". London: The Times. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ↑ Irish national dishes
- ↑ accessdate=2010-07-15
- ↑ The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion by Eve Zibart (ISBN 978-0-89732-372-7), page 181
- ↑ Israel Handbook: The Travel Guide by David Winter (ISBN 978-1-900949-48-4), page 52
- ↑ From Tapas to Meze: Small Plates from the Mediterranean by Joanne Weir (ISBN 978-1-58008-586-1), page 187
- ↑ Israel, Jill DuBois and Mair Rosh, Marshall Cavendish Pub., 2003 . p. 130
- ↑ "Jerusalem Diaries II: What's Really Happening in Israel, Judy Lash Balint. Published by Xulon Press, 2007. p. 259
- ↑ Avey, Tori (2012-06-21). "Limonana: Frozen Mint Lemonade". The Shiksa in the Kitchen. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
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(help) - ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 "Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes". Away.com. 2010-10-09. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ "『カレーライス』に関するアンケート" (in Japanese). ネットリサーチ ディムスドライブ. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ↑ McCurry, Justin (2010-06-18). "Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ↑ "Sushi: delicious bite-sized Japanese specialities". Kikkoman. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
- ↑ "Jordan National Dish, Mansaf: Waleg Kitchen". Waleg.com. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ Mimi Cooks: JORDANIAN MANSAF- منسف أردني
- ↑ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C. "Jordan: Jordanian Cuisine". Kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ Parkinson, Tom; Phillips, Matt; Gourlay, Will (2006). Kenya. ISBN 9781740597432.
- ↑ Clements, Miles (2010-10-28). "The Find: Tom Yum Koong". Los Angeles Times.
- ↑ "A Taste of Sticky Rice, Laos’ National Dish | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine". Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
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- ↑ "Judd mat Gaardebounen", Mycitycuisine.org. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ↑ Boissard, Pierre (1997). Cuisine Malgache, Cuisine Creole. Antananarivo: Librairie de Tananarive. pp. 36–40.
- ↑ Dwayne A. Rules (7 April 2011). "Nasi lemak, our 'national dish'". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
- ↑ "Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish". Mexonline. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ↑ "Montenegro Crna Gora Montenegro". Montenegro.org.au. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ "DAL BHAT". Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ↑ "Bacon & Egg Pie". Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ↑ "Tender, loving care for lamb". Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ↑ Norway. "Fårikål - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ "Beef Nihari". Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ↑ "Ceviche – the Peruvian national dish". Peru Travel Guide. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ↑ Sifton, Sam (2011-01-05). "The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ↑ Vicky B. Bartlet (17 December 2011). "Palmonas: Make 'buko' juice as national drink". Business Mirror. Retrieved 26 January 2012. "In his House Resolution 1887, Agham (Science) Party-list Rep. Angelo Palmones said the Philippines has already a number of national symbols, such as narra as national tree, sampaguita as national flower, mango as national fruit, milkfish as national fish and lechon (roast pig) as national dish."
- ↑ "Kapusta kiszona (sauerkraut) is the basis for Poland's national dish bigos (sauerkraut with a variety of meats), kapuśniak (sauerkraut soup)" [in:] Polish Holiday Cookery by Robert Strybel, 2003, p. 14; "Bigos, the national dish of Poland — a hunter's stew of mixed meats and vegetables" [in:] The food lover's companion to Portland by Lisa Shara Hall, Roger J. Porter, 1996
- ↑ "Two national specialities you'll find everywhere are bigos (cabbage stewed with meat and spices) and pierogi" [in:] Poland: the rough guide, 1991] and kotlet schabowy is a close cousin of the Teutonic Wiener Schnitzel" [in:] Joey Porcelli, Clay Fong . The Gyros Journey: Affordable Ethnic Eateries Along the Front Range, 2006]
- ↑ "Serbia and Montenegro". everythingculture.com. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
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- ↑ "The quest for Singapore's next national dish". CNN. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
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- ↑ BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4867024.stm
- ↑ Cederling: Surströmming (Rotten or more like sour herring)
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- ↑ "Joy's Thai Cookbooks: Thai Recipes from Favorite Thailand Foods". Joysthaifood.com. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
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- ↑ "National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean<". Caribbeanamericanfoods.com. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ "Fish and Chips," in Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat (2011). Ed. Andrew F. Smith. ABC-CLIO.
- ↑ Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince, Frommer's England 2011: With Wales (2010). John Wiley & Sons: p. 163.
- ↑ Heston Blumenthal, In Search of Total Perfection (2010). Bloombury: p. 253.
- ↑ Fish and Chips, Historic UK.
- ↑ Robert Appelbaum, Aguecheek's Beef, Belch's Hiccup, and Other Gastronomic Interjections: Literature, Culture, and Food Among the Early Moderns (2006). University of Chicago Press, p. 214
- ↑ Yee Chiang, The Silent Traveller in London (1939). Interlink: p. 157.
- ↑ Peter Earle. The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London 1660-1730 (1989). University of California Press: p. 279.
- ↑ Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery (1883), p. 137.
- ↑ About Plum Pudding, Everyday Housekeeping: A Magazine for Practical Housekeepers and Mothers (Vol. 13-14), p. 97.
- ↑ "Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008)". European Cuisines. 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ Sari Edelstein. Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals (2010). Jones & Bartlett : p. 118.
- ↑ Lesley Anne Rose, Michael Macaroon, and Vivienne Crow. Frommer's Scotland (2012). John Wiley & Sons: p. 28.
- ↑ "Welsh national dish". Foodmuseum.com. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ↑ Cambridge University Press (2011). "Definition of "as American as apple pie"". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus.
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- ↑ "Venezuelan Cuisine: Vanezuelan National Dish (Pabellon Criollo Con Barandas)". Chowtimes.com. May 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
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