Nancy Cunard

Nancy Cunard in 1928

Nancy Clara Cunard (10 March 1896 – 17 March 1965) was a writer, heiress and political activist. She was born into the British upper class and devoted much of her life to fighting racism and fascism. She became a muse to some of the 20th century's most distinguished writers and artists, including Wyndham Lewis, Aldous Huxley, Tristan Tzara, Ezra Pound and Louis Aragon, who were among her lovers, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Constantin Brâncuși, Langston Hughes, Man Ray, and William Carlos Williams. MI5 documents reveal that she was involved with Indian socialist leader VK Krishna Menon. In later years, she suffered from mental illness, and her physical health deteriorated. She died at age 69, weighing only 26 kilos (57 pounds), in the Hôpital Cochin, Paris.

1910s

Her father was Sir Bache Cunard, an heir to the Cunard Line shipping businesses, interested in polo and fox hunting, and a baronet. Her mother was Maud Alice Burke an American heiress, who adopted the first name Emerald and became a leading London society hostess. Nancy had been brought up on the family estate at Nevill Holt, Leicestershire but when her parents separated in 1911 she moved to London with her mother. Her education was at various boarding schools, including time in France and Germany. Whilst in London she spent a good deal of her childhood with her mother's long time admirer, the novelist George Moore. Indeed it was even rumoured that Moore was her father, and though this has been largely dismissed, there is no question that he played an important role whilst she was growing up. She would later write a memoir about her affection for 'GM' as he was known.

She had a short-lived marriage during World War I to Sydney Fairbairn, a cricketer, an army officer and wounded war veteran; it lasted less than two years before they separated. She was also at that time on the edge of the influential group The Coterie, associating in particular with Iris Tree.

She contributed to the Sitwell anthology Wheels, providing its title poem; it has been said that the venture was originally her project.^{[citation needed]}

Cunard's lover Peter Broughton-Adderley was killed in action in France less than a month before Armistice Day,^[1] within the year she announced her engagement to Fairbairn. Many who knew her claimed that she never fully recovered from Adderley's loss.

Paris

In 1920 Nancy Cunard moved to Paris, where she became involved with literary Modernism, Surrealists and Dada. Much of her published poetry dates from this period. During her early years in Paris, she was close to Michael Arlen.

A brief relationship with Aldous Huxley influenced several of his novels. She was the model for Myra Viveash in Antic Hay (1923) and for Lucy Tantamount in Point Counter Point (1928).^[2]

It has been suggested that she became dependent on alcohol at this time, and may have used other drugs.^[3]

Personal style

Cunard’s style informed by her devotion to the artifacts of African culture was startlingly unconventional. The large-scale jewelry she favored, crafted of wood, bone and ivory, the natural materials used by native crafts people, was provocative and controversial. The bangles she wore on both arms snaking from wrist to elbow were considered outré adornments, which provoked media attention, visually compelling subject matter for photographers of the day. She was often photographed wearing her collection, those of African inspiration and neckpieces of wooden cubes, which paid homage to the concepts of Cubism. At first considered the bohemian affectation of an eccentric heiress, the fashion world came to legitimize this style as avant-garde, dubbing it the "barbaric look." Prestigious jewelry houses such as Boucheron created their own African-inspired cuff of gold beads. Boucheron, eschewing costly gemstones, incorporated into the finished creation green malachite and a striking purple mineral, purpurite, instead. It exhibited this high-end piece at the Exposition Coloniale in 1931.^[4]

The Hours Press

In 1927, Cunard moved into a farmhouse in La Chapelle-Réanville, Normandy. It was there in 1928 that she set up the Hours Press. Previously the small press had been called Three Mountains Press and run by William Bird, an American journalist in Paris, who had published books by its editor from 1923, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams' The Great American Novel, Robert McAlmond and Ernest Hemingway's In Our Time. Cunard also wanted to support experimental poetry and provide a higher-paying market for young writers; her inherited wealth allowed her to take financial risks that other publishers could not. Hours Press became known for its beautiful book designs and high-quality production.^[5]

It brought out the first separately published work of Samuel Beckett, a poem called Whoroscope (1930) and also Pound's A Draft of XXX Cantos. Cunard published old friends like George Moore, Norman Douglas, Richard Aldington, Arthur Symons and Henry-Music, a book of poems from various authors with music by Henry Crowder, but also two books by Laura Riding, The Collected Poems of John Rodker, poems by Roy Campbell, Harold Acton, Brian Howard, Walter Lowenfels and Words by Bob (Robert Carlton) Brown. By 1931 Wyn Henderson had taken over day-to-day operation of the press and in the same year it published its last book, The Revaluation of Obscenity by sexologist Havelock Ellis.^[6]

Political activism

In 1928 (after a two-year affair with Louis Aragon) she began a relationship with Henry Crowder, an African-American jazz musician who was working in Paris. She became an activist in matters concerning racial politics and civil rights in the USA, and visited Harlem. In 1931 she published the pamphlet Black Man and White Ladyship, an attack on racist attitudes as exemplified by Cunard's mother, whom she quoted as saying "Is it true that my daughter knows a Negro?"^[7] She also edited the massive Negro Anthology, collecting poetry, fiction, and nonfiction primarily by African-American writers, including Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston.^[8] It also included writing by George Padmore and Cunard's own account of the Scottsboro Boys case. Press attention to this project in May 1932, two years before it was published, led to Cunard's receiving anonymous threats and hate mail, some of which she published in the book, expressing regret that "[others] are obscene, so this portion of American culture cannot be made public."^{[citation needed]}

Anti-fascism

In the mid-1930s she took up the anti-fascist fight as well, writing about Mussolini's annexation of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War. She predicted, accurately, that the "events in Spain were a prelude to another world war". Her stories about the suffering of Spanish refugees became the basis for a fundraising appeal in the Manchester Guardian. Cunard herself helped deliver supplies and organize the relief effort, but poor health — caused in part by exhaustion and the conditions in the camps — forced her to return to Paris, where she stood on the streets collecting funds for the refugees.^[8]

In 1937, she published a series of pamphlets of war poetry, including the work of W. H. Auden, Tristan Tzara and Pablo Neruda. Later the same year, together with Auden and Stephen Spender, she distributed a questionnaire about the war to writers in Europe; the results were published by the Left Review as Authors Take Sides on the Spanish War.^[9]

The questionnaire to 200 writers asked the following question: "Are you for, or against, the legal government and people of Republican Spain? Are you for, or against, Franco and Fascism? For it is impossible any longer to take no side."

There were elicited 147 answers, of which 126 supported the Republic, including W.H. Auden, Samuel Beckett and Rebecca West.^[10][11]

Five writers explicitly responded in favor of Franco: they were Evelyn Waugh, Edmund Blunden,^[11] Arthur Machen, Geoffrey Moss and Eleanor Smith.^[12]

Among sixteen responses that Cunard, in her eventually published compendium, grouped under the skeptical heading "Neutral?" were H. G. Wells, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot^[11] and Vera Brittain.^[13]

The most famous response was not included: it came from George Orwell, and began: "Will you please stop sending me this bloody rubbish. This is the second or third time I have had it. I am not one of your fashionable pansies like Auden or Spender, I was six months in Spain, most of the time fighting, I have a bullet hole in me at present and I am not going to write blah about defending democracy or gallant little anybody..." ^[14] Several other writers also declined to contribute, including Virginia Woolf, Bertrand Russell,^[10] E. M. Forster,^[15] and James Joyce.^[16]

During World War II, Cunard worked, to the point of physical exhaustion, as a translator in London on behalf of the French Resistance.

Later life

After the war, she gave up her home at Réanville and travelled extensively. She suffered from mental illness and poor physical health, worsened by alcoholism, poverty, and self-destructive behaviour.^[8] She was committed to a mental hospital after a fight with London police; but, after her release, her health declined even further, and she weighed only sixty pounds when she was found on the street in Paris and brought to the Hôpital Cochin, where she died two days later.^[8][17]

Her body was returned to England for cremation and the remains were sent back to the Cimetière du Père-Lachaise in Paris. Her ashes rest in urn number 9016.^{[citation needed]}

Tributes

According to an account of drafts of the poem "Nancy Cunard", by Mina Loy, held in the Yale University Library,

Drafts of Loy’s poem about Nancy Cunard, her friend, fellow poet, and editor of The Hours Press, provide a window on her [Loy's] creative process. The final, published version of the poem ends with lines derived from this draft’s beginning and its final lines are now the poem’s centre:

The vermilion wall

receding as a sin

beyond your moonstone whiteness,

Your chiffon voice.^[18]

Works

• Outlaws (1921), poems
• Sublunary (1923), poems
• Parallax (1925, Hogarth Press), poems
• Poems (Two) (1925, Aquila Press), poems
• Poems (1930)
• Black Man and White Ladyship (1931) polemic pamphlet
• Negro: an Anthology (1934) anthology of African literature and art, editor^[19]
• Authors Take Sides (1937) pamphlet, compiler
• Los poetas del mundo defienden al pueblo español (1937, Paris), co-editor with Pablo Neruda
• The White Man's Duty: An analysis of the colonial question in the light of the Atlantic Charter (with George Padmore) (1942)
• Poems for France, La France libre, London, 1944 and Poèmes à la France, Seghers, Paris, 1947
• Releve into Marquis (1944)
• Grand Man: Memories of Norman Douglas (1954)
• GM: Memories of George Moore (1956)
• These Were the Hours: Memories of My Hours Press, Réanville and Paris, 1928-1931 (1969), autobiography

Notes

References

• Bankes, Ariane. "Nancy Cunard, Rebel Lover". The Times Literary Supplement, 7 April 2007. (Rev. of Gordon.)
• Chisholm, Anne. Nancy Cunard: A Biography. 1979. New York: Penguin Books, 1981.
• Fielding, Daphne. Those Remarkable Cunards, Emerald and Nancy (1968).
• Ford, Hugh, ed. Nancy Cunard: Brave Poet, Indomitable Rebel 1896-1965 (1968).
• Gordon, Lois. Nancy Cunard: Heiress, Muse, Political Idealist. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. ISBN 0-231-13938-1 (10). ISBN 978-0-231-13938-0 (13).
• Loy, Mina. "Nancy Cunard". 103 in The Lost Lunar Baedeker: Poems. Selected and ed. Roger L. Conover. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1996.
• Lyden, Jackie. "Nancy Cunard: Rebellious Heiress, Inspired Life". Interview of Lois Gordon and featured excerpts from her biography of Cunard (includes NPR Media Player link). All Things Considered. National Public Radio. 21 July 2007. Accessed 30 January 2008.
• Weber, Caroline. "The Rebel Heiress". The New York Times Book Review, 1 April 2007. 2 pages. (Rev. of Gordon.)
• Weiss, Andrea. Paris Was a Woman: Portraits from the Left Bank (2001).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nancy Cunard.

• Nancy Cunard – Biography on SchoolNet at Spartacus Educational. Accessed 30 January 2008.
• Henry Crowder and Nancy Cunard
• Nancy Cunard on Josephine Baker
• Nancy Cunard's Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Accessed 30 January 2008.
• Nancy Cunard correspondence and other archival material at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center